Abstract
Ice hockey is one of the fastest and most physical team sports. With projectiles (pucks) travelling at over 100mph and players travelling at up to 30mph wielding sticks and skating on razor sharp blades, there is potential for significant injury.
In 1961, an insurance survey reported over 100 closed head injuries, with one death. This led to research into helmets and subsequent mandatory use.
Facial protection was first developed in 1972 initially for goalkeepers. By 1976 all amateur players were required to wear full facial protection.
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