A Medico-legal Perspective on the Practice of Garrotting

Abder-Rahman HA , Abu-Alrageb SY (1999) Killing tools in mechanical asphyxia. Legal Medicine 1, 2–5

Alcala v Superior Court of Orange County Cal: Court of Appeal, 4th Dist. Div. 3 (2007)

Asirdizer M , Yavuz MS , Sari H , Canturk G , Yorulmaz C (2004) Unusual torture methods and mass murders applied by a terror organisation. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 25, 314–320

Berry J (2006) My Experiences as an Executioner. London: Addison Oaks Books, 195

Branion v Gramly 855 F. 2d 1256 – US: Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit (1988)

Bratcher v Com 151 SW 3d 332 – Ky: Supreme Court (2004)

Com v Moody 382 A.2d 442 – Pa Supreme Court (1977)

Commonwealth v Delaney 616 NE 2d 111 – Mass: Appeals Court, Plymouth (1993)

Cowan S , Hunt AC (2008) Mason's Forensic Medicine for Lawyers. 5th edn. Haywards Heath: Tottel Publishing, 618

Demirci DE , Gunaydin G (2009) Ligature strangulation deaths in the province of Konya (Turkey). Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 16, 248–252, 249

Emsley C (2008) Violent crime in England in 1919: post-war anxieties and press narratives. Continuity and Change 23, 173–195

Frank HG (2003) The Barbaric Punishment: Abolishing the Death Penalty. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Kluwer Law International, 163

Globe v State 877 So. 2d 663 – Fla: Supreme Court (2004)

Häkkänen (2007) Murder by manual and ligature strangulation: profiling crime scene behaviours and offender characteristics. In: Kocsis (ed.) Criminal Profiling: International Theory, Research and Practice. New Jersey: Humana Press, 418, 73

Hellenic Resources Network U.S. Department of State Bosnia and Herzegovina Human Rights Practices: Political and other Extrajudicial Killings (1995). See http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Bosnia95.html (last checked 4 October 2009)

Herold J (1898) A Manual of Legal Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 678, p362

Human Rights Watch Strangulation Search Results. See http://www.hrw.org/en/search/apachesolr_search/strangulation (last checked 3 October 2009)

King P (2002) Brief history of panic. Nacro Safer Society Magazine 13, 8–10, 8–9

Leuschner v. State 397 A. 2d 622 – Md: Court of Special Appeals (1979)

Linders A (2002) The execution spectacle and state legitimacy: the changing nature of the American Execution Audience, 1833–1937. Law & Society Review 36, 607–656

Lloyd T (2006) Acting in the “Theatre of Anarchy”: The “Anti-Thug Campaign” and elaborations of colonial rule in early ninetieth-century India. Edinburgh Papers in South Asian Studies 19, 1–50

Mail & Guardian online. Ex-Ethiopia ruler Mengistu guilty of genocide (December 12, 2006). See http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-12-12-exethiopia-ruler-mengistu-guilty-of-genocide (last checked 4 October 2009)

Maxeiner H , Bockholdt B (2003) Homicidal and suicidal strangulation – a comparison of post-mortem findings. Forensic Science International 137, 60–66

McGeough (March 16, 2006) Mass grave reveals more Iraq victims. The Age. See http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/mass-grave-reveals-more-iraq-victims/2006/03/15/1142098528944.html (last checked 4 October 2009)

McWhirter N (1983) Guinness Book of World Records. New York: Bantam Books, 756, 432

Millgate M (2004) Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 625, 344

Mills C (2005) Forensic evidence from mass graves: the trial of General Radislav Krstic at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine Review 3, 21–24, 21–22

New South Wales Crimes Act. (1900) Section 37

O'Neill (2006) The Good Old Days: Crime Murder and Mayhem in Victorian London. London: Viking Publishing, 304, 51

Patel F (March 1997) Undetected ligature self-strangulation: disadvantage at the scene of a decomposed body. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 4, 41–43

People v Ganus 706 NE 2d 875 – Ill: Supreme Court (1998)

People v Lowe 519 P. 2d 344 (1974)

People v Morse 452 P. 2d 607, 70 Cal. 2d 711, 76 Cal. Rptr. 391 – Cal: Supreme Court (1969)

People v Von Villas 10 Cal. App. 4th 201 – Cal: Court of Appeals, 2nd Dist., Div. 7 (1992)

Pratt MJ (1980) Mugging as a Social Problem. London: Routledge, 236, 32

Preston, Paul. Lecture: The Crimes of Franco (2008), 1–10, 8. See www.pragda.com/pdfs/Preston-1.pdf (last checked February 2011)

Pulley v Harris 465 US 37, 104 S. Ct. 871, 79 L. Ed. 2d 29 – US: Supreme Court (1984)

Rhodes WF , Gorden I , Turner R , (1945) Medical Jurisprudence. Cape Town: Postgraduate Press, 512, 120

Romano v Gibson 239 F. 3d 1156 – US: Court of Appeals, 10th Circuit (2001)

Schröera J , Trautmann K , Demb H , Baurmann MC , Püschela K (2003) The significance of medico-legal findings for behavioural analysis in unsolved homicide cases. Legal Medicine 5, S243–S246

Schwär TG , Olivier JA , Loubser JD (1988) The Forensic ABC in Medical Practice: A Practical Guide. South Africa: HAUM Publishers. Pta, 339, 66, 167

Scott (1950) The History of Capital Punishment. London: Torchstream Books, 312 , 159

Sexton v State 775 So.2d 923 (2000)

Shackleford v Hubbard 234 F. 3d 1072 – US: Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit (2000)

Shahnaaz S , Van Niekerk A , Arendse N Female Homicidal Strangulation in Urban South Africa. See www.mrc.ac.za/crime/FemaleH_sa.pdf (last checked 23 November 2009)

Shrader v White 761 F. 2d 975 – US: Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit (1985)

Spierenburg P (1984) The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression: From a Pre-industrial Metropolis to the European Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 243, 71

Stanford (2007) The metropolitan police. 1850–1914; targeting, harassment and the creation of a criminal class. DPhil thesis, University of Huddersfield, 331, 34

State v Fortin 745 A. 2d 509 – NJ: Supreme Court (2000)

State v Helm 504 N.W. 2d 142 – Iowa Ct. App. (1993)

State v Rice 757 P. 2d 889 – Wash: Supreme Court (1988)

State v Vickers 633 P. 2d 315 – Ariz: Supreme Court (1981)

Stover E , Watch ME (1992) Unquiet Graves: The Search for the Disappeared Iraqi in Kurdistan. Human Rights Watch and Physicians for Human Rights, 42, 10

Stover E , Haglund WD , Samuels M (2003) Exhumation of mass graves in Iraq: considerations for forensic investigations, humanitarian needs, and the demands for justice. JAMA 290, 663–666

Strack GB , McClane G How to Improve Your Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation. (October 1998, updated May 1999), 16. See http://www.ncdsv.org/images/strangulation_article.pdf (last checked 3 December 2009)

Thompson I (2008) The A to Z of Punishment and Torture Book. UK: Guild Publishing, 223, 88

United States v Bruscino 662 F. 2d 450 – US: Court of Appeals, 7th Circuit (1981)

US v Littrell 478 F. Supp. 2d 1179 – US: Dist. Court, CD California, Southern Div (2007)

Uyghur Human Rights Project (UHRP) Common Methods of Torture and Abuse in the People's Republic of China (2009) Featured Articles and Highlights. See http://www.uhrp.org/articles/2078/1/Common-methods-of-torture-and-abuse-in-the-Peoples-Republic-of-China-/index.html# (last checked 3 October 2009)

Vogel H , Schmitz-Engels F , Grillo C (2007) Radiology of torture. European Journal of Radiology 63, 187–204

Walsh (1994) The obsolescence of crime forms. In Clarke (ed.) . Crime Prevention Studies 2. New York: Criminal Justice Press, 149–164, 150–151

Williams C (ed.) (2004) A Companion to Nineteenth Century Britain. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 606, 385

Wines FH (1910) Punishment and Reformation: A Study of the Penitentiary System. New York: T.Y. Crowell & Company, 387, 64

Woods GD (2002) A History of Criminal Law in New South Wales: The Colonial Period 1788–1900. Sydney: The Federation Press, 460, 275