The population incidence of oesophageal atresia is 1 in 3000 live birth. Most cases are sporadic but familial cases have been reported. The etiology of oesophageal atresia is multifactorial pathogenic mechanism, in which environmental and polygenic factors contribute to the development of the anomaly. Only 6–7% of cases have abnormal karyotype on chromosomal analysis. When a family history of oesophageal atresia exist, the parents should be offered genetic counseling. Antenatal screening by detailed ultrasound scans which should be done at expert centers. After birth the pediatrician should role out an oesophageal atresia by the passage of a nasogastric tube.
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