Low dose oestrogen and osteoporosis prevention

Consensus Development Conference: Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Am J Med 1993; 94: 646-50.

Dolan P , Torgerson DJ . The cost of treating osteoporotic fractures in the United Kingdom female population. Osteoporosis Int 1998; 8: 611-17.

Eastell R . Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 736-46.

Royal College of Physicians. Osteoporosis. Clinical guidelines for the prevention and treatment. London: RCP 1999.

Levinson W , Altkorn D . Primary prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. JAMA 1998; 280: 1821-2.

Michaelsson K , Baron JA , Farahmand BY , Johnell O , Magnusson C Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of hip fracture: Population based case-control. BMJ 1998; 316: 1858-63.

Komulainen MH , Kroger H , Tuppurainen MT HRT and vitamin D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women: A 5 year randomised trial. Maturitas 1998; 31: 45-54.

Lufkin EG , Wahner HW , O'Fallon WM Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with transdermal estrogen. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1-9.

Hope S , Rees MCP . Why do British women start and stop hormone replacement therapy? J Br Meno Soc 1995; 1: 26-7.

Hope S , Wager E , Rees MCP . Survey of British women's views on the menopause and HRT. J Br Meno Soc 1998; 4: 33-36.

Barrett-Connor E Hormone replacement therapy. BMJ 1998; 317: 457-61.

Ettinger B , Genant HK , Steiger P , Madvig P . Low-dosage micronized 17-beta estradiol prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 479-88.

Evans SF , Davie MW . Low and conventional dose transdermal oestradiol are equally effective at preventing bone loss in spine and femur at all post-menopausal ages. Clin Endocrinol 1996; 44: 79-84.

Genant HK , Lucas J , Weiss S , Akin M Low-dose esterified estrogen therapy: Effects on bone, plasma estradiol concentrations, endometrium, and lipid levels. Estratab/Osteoporosis Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2609-15.

Recker RR , Davies KM , Dowd RM , Heaney RP . The effect of low-dose continuous estrogen and progesterone therapy with calcium and vitamin D on bone in elderly women. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 897-904.

Stevenson JC , Lees B , Collins S , de Jonge S . Low-dose HRT prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis in older women. Climacteric 1999; 2(Suppl 1): 124.

McClung M , Cohen L , Weiss N , Nanavati N , Arce J-C . Total hip bone mineral density changes with several doses of 17-b estradiol and continuous combined 17-b estradiol and norethindrone acetate. Climacteric 1999; 2(Suppl 1); 122.