WillcoxL, CowanF, BrettleRP, EmanuelFXS, FleggPG, BurnsS. The spectrum of chest infections in HIV positive patients in Edinburgh. J Infect1992; 24: 37–42
2.
GilksCF, BrindleRJ, OtienoLS. Life threatening bacteraemia in HIV-1 seropositive adults admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet1990; 336: 545–9
3.
WittDJ, CravenDE, McCabeWR. Bacterial infections in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med1987; 82: 900–6
4.
PolskyB, GoldJWM, WhimbeyE. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med1986; 104: 38–41
5.
ReddSC, RutherfordGW, SandeMA. The role of human immunodeficiency virus in pneumococcal bacteraemia in San Francisco residents. J Infect Dis1990; 162: 1012–17
6.
GilksCF, OjooSA, OjooJC, BrindleRJ. Invasive pneumococcal disease in a cohort of predominantly HIV-1 infected female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet1996; 347: 718–23
7.
BaqueroF. Pneumococcal resistance to β-lactam antibiotics: a global geographic overview. Microbial Drug Resistance1995; 1: 115–20
8.
PaulJ, KimariJ, GilksCF. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and tetracycline associated with HIV seropositivity. Lancet1995; 346: 1034–5
9.
BedosJ-P, ChevretS, ChastangC. Epidemiological features of and risk factors for infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with diminished susceptibility to penicillin: findings of a French survey. Clin Infect Dis1996; 22: 63–72
10.
MaoC, HarperM, McIntoshK. Invasive pneumococcal infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J Infect Dis1996; 173: 870–6
11.
Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR1997; 46 (RR-8):1–24
12.
Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Office Department of Health, DHSS (Northern Ireland).Immunisation against Infectious Disease. 1996 Edward Jenner Bicentenary edition. London: HMSO, 1996
13.
WortleyPM, FarizoKMand the Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project Group. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination levels among HIV-infected adolescents and adults receiving medical care in the United States. AIDS1994; 8: 941–4
14.
ScottJA, HallAJ, DaganR. Serogroup-specific epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae: association with age, sex and geography in 7000 episodes of invasive disease. Clin Infect Dis1996; 22(6): 973–81.
15.
ShapiroE, BergA, AustrianR. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med1991; 325(21): 1453–60.
16.
PlouffeJF, MooreSK, DavisR, FacklamRR. Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae blood culture isolates from adults in Franklin County, Ohio. J Clin Micro1994; 32(6): 1606–7.
17.
MusherDM, LuchiMJ, WatsonDA, HamiltonR, BaughnRE. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in young adults and older bronchitics: determination of IgG responses by ELISA and the effect of adsorption of serum with non-type specific cell wall polysaccharide. J Infect Dis1990; 161: 728–35
18.
MusherDM, WatsonDA, BaughnRE. Does naturally acquired IgG antibody to cell wall polysaccharide protect human subjects from pneumococcal infection?J Infect Dis1990; 161: 736–40
19.
GoldblattD, LevinskyRJ, TurnerMW. Role of cell wall polysaccharide in the assessment of IgG antibodies to the capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae in childhood. J Infect Dis1992; 166: 632–4
20.
Mascart-LemoneF, GerardM, LibinM. Differential effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the IgA and IgG antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccine. J Infect Dis1995; 1772: 1253–60
21.
ParkinJM, HelbertM, HughesCL, PinchingAJ. Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency and susceptibility to pyogenic infection in patients with AIDS related complex and AIDS. AIDS1989; 3: 37–9
22.
LoeligerAE, RijkersGT, AertsP. Deficient antipneumococcal polysaccharide responses in HIV seropositive patients. FEMS Imm Med Micro1995; 12(1): 33–41.
23.
VandenbruaeneM, ColebundersR, Mascart-LemoneF. Equal IgG antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in all stages of HIV disease. J Infect Dis1995; 172(2): 551–3.
24.
JainA, JainS, GantV. Should patients positive for HIV infection receive pneumococcal vaccination?BMJ1995; 310: 1060–2
25.
FarrBM, JohnstonBL, CobbDK. Preventing pneumococcal bacteraemia in patients at risk. Results of a matched case-control study. Arch Int Med1995; 155(21): 2336–40.
26.
HirschfieldS, SchiffmanG, Tudor-WilliamsG, PizzoPA. Pneumonia and bacteraemia by pneumococcal serotype 16 in a human immunodeficiency virus infected child with normal serum antibody response to 23 valent pneumovax vaccine. J Infect Dis1995; 171: 761–2
27.
WillocksLJ, VithayathilK, TangA, NooneA. Pneumococcal vaccine and HIV infection: report of a vaccine failure and reappraisal of its value in clinical practice. Genitourin Med1995; 71(2): 71–2.
28.
SimberkoffMS, SadrWE, SchiffmanG, RahalJJ. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and bacteraemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, with report of a pneumococcal vaccine failure. Am Rev Respir Dis1984; 130: 1174–6
29.
AmmannAJ, SchiffmanG, AbramsD, VolberdingP, ZieglerJ, ConantM. B cell immunodeficiency in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA1984; 251(11): 1447–9.
30.
JanoffEN, DouglasJM, GabrielM. Class specific antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis1988; 158(5): 983–90.
31.
Rodriguez-BarradasMC, MusherDM, LahartC. Antibody to capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae after vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus infected subjects with 23 valent pneumococcal vaccine. J Infect Dis1992; 165(3): 553–6.
32.
KleinRS, SelwynPA, MaudeD, PollardC, FreemanK, SchiffmanG. Response to pneumococcal vaccine among asymptomatic heterosexual partners of persons with AIDS and intravenous drug users infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis1989; 160(5): 826–31.
33.
KroonFP, van DisselJT, de JongJC, van FurthR. Antibody response to influenza, tetanus and pneumococcal vaccines in HIV seropositive individuals in relation to the number of CD 4 lymphocytes. AIDS1994; 8: 469–76
34.
WeissPJ, WallaceMR, OldfieldEC, O'BrienJ, JanoffEN. Response of recent human immunodeficiency virus seroconverters to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis1995; 171(5): 1217–22.
35.
UnsworthDJ, RowenD, CarneC, SonnexC, BaglinT, BrownDL. Defective IgG2 response to pneumovax in HIV seropositive patients. Genitourin Med1993; 69: 373–6
36.
AhmedF, SteinhoffMC, Rodriguez-BarradasMC, HamiltonRG, MusherDM, NelsonKE. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the antibody response to a glycoprotein conjugate pneumococcal vaccine: results from a randomized trial. J Infect Dis1996; 173: 83–90
37.
JanoffEN, FaschingC, OjooC, O'BrienJ, GilksCF. Responsiveness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected Kenyan women with and without pneumococcal disease to pneumococcal vaccine. J Infect Dis1997; 175(4): 975–8.
38.
KonradsenHB. Quantity and avidity of pneumococcal antibodies before and up to five years after pneumococcal vaccination of elderly persons. Clin Infect Dis1995; 21(3): 616–20.
39.
Rodriguez-BarradasMC, GrooverJE, LackeCE. IgG antibody to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide in human immunodeficiency virus infected subjects: persistence of antibody in responders, revaccination in non-responders and relationship of immunoglobulin allotype to response. J Infect Dis1996; 173: 1347–53
40.
GlaserJB, VolpeS, AguirreA, SimpkinsH, SchiffmanG. Zidovudine improves response to pneumococcal vaccine among persons with AIDS and AIDS related complex. J Infect Dis1991; 164: 761–4
41.
FataFT, HerzlichBC, SchiffmanG, AstAL. Impaired antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide in elderly patients with low serum vitamin B12 levels. Ann Intern Med1996; 124(3): 299–304.
42.
GargM, BondadaS. Reversal of age associated decline in immune response to Pnu-immune vaccine by supplementation with the steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone. Infect Immun1993; 61(5): 2238–41.
43.
WagnerG, RabkinJG, RabkinR. Illness stage, concurrent medications and other correlates of low testosterone in men with HIV illness. J AIDS1995; 8(2): 204–7.
44.
SteinhoffMC, AuerbachBS, NelsonKE. Antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in men with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med1991; 325: 1837–42
45.
KroonFP, van DisselJT, RavensbergenE, NibberingPH, van FurthR. Antibody response to tetravalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV infected adults (abstract We.B.115). XIth International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, Canada, July 1996
46.
KingJC, VinkPE, FarleyJJ. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus and non human immunodeficiency virus infected children. Paediatr Infect Dis J1996; 15: 192–6
47.
WustJ, HufE, KayserFH. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and serotypes of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Switzerland. J Clin Micro1995; 33(12): 3159–63.
48.
BogaertsJ, LepageP, TaelmanH. Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Rwanda, 1984-1990. J Infect1993; 27(2): 157–68.
49.
ParkinsonAJ, DavidsonM, FitzgeraldMA, BulkowLR, ParksDJ. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Alaska 1986-1990. J Infect Dis1994; 170(2): 461–4.
50.
HankanenPO, KeistinenR, KirelaSL. Reactions following administration of influenza vaccine alone or with pneumococcal vaccine to the elderly. Arch Int Med1996; 156(2): 205–8.
51.
KemWV, ReinertRR, KuhnemundO. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV patients: immunogenicity and incidence of invasive infections (abstract No.832). 5th European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV Infection, Copenhagen, September 1995
52.
KatzensteinTL, GerstoftJ, NielsenH. Assessments of plasma HIV RNA and CD4 cell counts after combined Pneumovax and Tetanus Toxoid vaccination: no detectable increase in HIV replication 6 weeks after immunization. Scand J Infect Dis1996:28(3):239–41
53.
YerlyS, WunderliW, WylerCA. Influenza immunization of HIV-1 infected patients does not increase HIV-1 viral load. AIDS1994; 8(10): 1503–4.
54.
HoDD. HIV-1 viraemia and influenza. Lancet1992; 339: 1549
55.
JacksonCR, VavroCL, PenningtonKN. Effect of influenza immunization on immunologic and virologic parameters in HIV+pediatric patients (abstract). 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington DC, 1996
56.
GlesbyMJ, HooverDR, FarzadeganH. Randomized placebo controlled study of influenza vaccination and HIV-1 viral load (VL). 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington DC, 1996
57.
StanleySK, OstrowskiMA, JustementJS. Effect of immunization with a common recall antigen on viral expression in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med1996; 334(19): 1222–30.
58.
O'BrienWA, HartiganPM, MartinD. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. N Engl J Med1996; 334(7): 426–31.
59.
ClaydonEJ, BennettJ, GorD, ForsterSM. Transient elevation of serum HIV-1 antigen levels associated with intercurrent infection. AIDS1991; 5(1): 113–14.
60.
DonovanRM, BushCE, MarkowitzNP, BaxaD, SaravolatzLD. Effect of bacterial pneumonia on HIV RNA levels (abstract Mo.B.1379). XIth International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, Canada, July 1996
61.
O'BrienWA, Grovit-FerbasK, NamaziA. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination. Blood1995; 86(3): 1082–9.
62.
StapransSI, HamiltonBL, FollansbeeSE. Activation of virus replication after vaccination of HIV-1 infected individuals. J Exp Med1995; 182: 1727–37
63.
FowkeKR, D'AmicoR, ChernoffDN. Immunologic and virologic evaluation after influenza vaccination of HIV-1 infected patients. AIDS1997; 11: 1013–21
64.
BrichabekB, SwindellsS, JanoffEN, PirruccelloS, StevensonM. Increased plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 burden following antigenic challenge with pneumococcal vaccine. J Infect Dis1996; 174(6): 1191–9.
65.
KroonFP, van FurthR, BruistenSM. The effects of immunization on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med1996; 335(11): 817–18.