A review of the aetiology of dyslipidaemia and hyperlipidaemia in patients with HIV

Carr A , Emery S , Law M An objective case of definition of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults: a case-control study. Lancet 2003; 361: 72635

Tien PC , Grunfeld C . What is HIV-associated lipodystrophy? Defining fat distribution changes in HIV infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17: 2732

Lichtenstein KA , Delaney KM , Armon C Incidence of and risk factors for lipoatrophy (abnormal fat loss) in ambulatory HIV-1 -infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 32: 4856

Nolan D . Metabolic complications associated with HIV protease inhibitor therapy. Drugs 2003; 63: 255574

Martin AM , Nolan D , Gaudieri S Pharmacogenetics of antiretroviral therapy: genetic variaton of response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomics 2004; 5: 64355

Reitman ML , Gavrilova O . A-ZIP/F-1 mice lacking white fat: a model for understanding lipoatrophic diabetes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: S1114

Dubé MP , Zackin R , Tebas P Prospective study of regional body composition in antiretroviral-naïve subjects randomized to receive zidovudine+lamivudine or didanosine+stavudine combined with nelfinavir, efavirenz, or both: A5005S, a substudy of ACTG 384. Presented at the 4th International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Lipodystrophy in HIV, San Diego, September 2002. Antiviral Ther 2002; 7: L18 Abst 27

Cote HC , Brumme ZL , Craib KJ Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 81120

Murata H , Hruz PW , Mueckler M . The mechanism of insulin resistance caused by HIV protease inhibitor therapy. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 202514

Noor MA , Seneviratne T , Aweeka FT Indinavir acutely inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. AIDS 2002; 16: F18

Noor MA , Lo JC , Mulligan K Metabolic effects of indinavir in healthy sero-negative men. AIDS 2001; 15: F1118

Bastard JP , Caron M , Vidal H Association between altered expression of adipogenic factor SREBP1 in lipoatrophic adipose tissue from HIV-1-infected patients and abnormal adipocyte differentiation and insulin resistance. Lancet 2002; 359: 102631

Purnell JQ , Zambon A , Knopp RH Effect of ritonavir on lipids and post-heparin lipase activities in normal subjects. AIDS 2000; 14: 517

Sekhar RV , Jahoor F , White AC Metabolic basis of HIV-lipdystrophy syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283: E3327

Kosmiski LA , Kuritzkes DR , Lichenstein KA Fat redistribution and metabolic changes are strongly correlated and energy expenditure is increased in the HIV lipodystrophy syndrome. AIDS 2001; 15: 19932000

Parker RA , Meyers DS , Andrews BA Effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and HIV protease inhibitors on adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism. Presented at 2nd International Workshop on Adverse Drug Interactions and Lipodystrophy in HIV, Toronto, September 2000: Abst 04

Murphy RL , Brun S , Hicks C ABT-378/ritonavir plus stavudine and lamivudine for the treatment of antiretroviral-naïve adults with HIV-1 infection: 48-week results. AIDS 2001; 15: F19

Dragsted UB , Gerstoft J , Pedersen C Randomized trial to evaluate indinaivr/ritonavir versus saquinavir/ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus typle 1-infected patients: the MaxCmin1 trial. J Infect Dis 2003; 188: 63512

Squires K , Lazzarin A , Gatell JM Comparison of once-daily atazanavir with efavirenz, each in combination with fixed-dose zidovudine and lamivudine, as initial therapy for patients infected with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36: 101119

Cahn PE , Gatell JM , Squires K Atazanavir - a once-daily HIV protease inhibitor that does not cause dyslipidemia in newly treated patients: results from two randomized clinical trials. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 2004; 3: 928

Staszewski S , Morales-Ramirez J , Tashima KT Efavirenz plus zidovudine and lamivudine, efavirenz plus indinavir, and indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults. Study 006 team. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 186573

Gallant JE , Staszewski S , Pozniak AL Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naïve patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 191201

van Leth F , Phanuphak P , Ruxrungtham K Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: a randomized open-label trial, the 2NN study. Lancet 2004; 363: 125363

Stein JH , Klein MA , Bellehumeur JL Use of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors is associated with atherogenic lipoprotein changes and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2001; 104: 25762

Dubé MP , Shankar S , Vanderluitgaren JM Effect of indinavir (IDV) monotherapy on endothelial function in men without HIV infection. Presented at the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, February 2002: Abst LB 10

Mary-Krause M , Cotte L , Simon A Increased risk of myocardial infarction with duration of protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected men. AIDS 2003; 17: 247986

Mooser V . Atherosclerosis and HIV in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: towards an epidemic of cardiovascular disease? AIDS 2003; 17: S659

Klein D , Hurley LB , Quesenberry CP Jr , Sidney S . Do protease inhibitors increase the risk for coronary heart disease in patients with HIV-1 infection? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 30: 4717

Friis-Moller N , Sabin CA , Weber R Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 19932003

Hooper L , Summerbell CD , Higgins JP Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review. BMJ 2001; 322: 75763

Martinez E , Arnaiz JA , Podzamezer D Substitution of nevirapine, efavirenz, or abacavir for protease inhibitors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 103616

Murphy R , Ledesma E A nelfinavir (NFV) to atazanavir (ATV) switch correlates with lipid improvements at 12 weeks: results from BMS AI424-044, for the AI424-044 International Study Team. Presented at the 6th International Conference on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, November 2002

Markowitz M , Saag M , Powderly WG A preliminary study of ritonavir, and inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 15349

Miller J , Brown D , Amin J A randomized, double-blind study of gemfibrozil for the treatment of protease inhibitor-associated hypertriglyceridaemia. AIDS 2002; 16: 2195200

Fichtenbaum CJ , Gerber JG , Rosenkranz SL Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG Study A5047. AIDS 2002; 16: 56977

Moyle GJ , Lloyd M , Reynolds B Dietary advice with or without pravastatin for the management of hypercholesterolaemia associated with protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS 2001; 15: 15038

Shepherd J , Cobbe SM , Ford I Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 13017

Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 248697

Egger M , Junghans C , Friis-Moller N , Lundgren JD . Highly active antiretroviral therapy and coronary heart disease: the need for perspective. AIDS 2001; 15: S193201

Noor MA , Lo JC , Mulligan K Metabolic effects of indinavir in healthy HIV-seronegative men. AIDS 2001; 15: F1118

Maggi P Premature lesions of the carotid vessels in HIV-1 infected patients treated with protease inhibitors. AIDS 2000; 14: F1238

Maggi P , Lillo A , Perilli F PREVALEAT Group. Colour-Doppler ultrasonography of carotid vessels in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy: a comparative study. AIDS 2004; 18: 10238

Boyd MA , Aarnoutse RE , Ruxrungthan K Pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg) in combination with efavirenz (600 mg) in HIV-1-infected subjects. J Acquit Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 34: 1349

Lichtenstein KA , Delaney KM , Armon C Incidence of and risk factors for lipoatrophy (abnormal fat loss) in ambulatory HIV-1-infected patients. J Acquit Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 32: 4856

Tien PC , Grunfeld C . What is HIV-associated lipodystrophy? Defining fat distribution changes in HIV infection. Curt Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17: 2732

Friis-Moller N , Sabin CA , Weber R Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 19932003