Stavudine is a potent nucleoside analogue and a well-recognized component of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clinical trials have shown stavudine to have a superior or at least comparable virological efficacy and immune reconstitution when compared with other nucleoside analogues. Studies have shown that the prevalence of phenotypic resistance to stavudine is low compared with that of zidovudine, lamivudine and abacavir, and any loss of sensitivity to stavudine is slow to develop and of low intensity. Stavudine has a low incidence of clinically significant adverse events, and those experienced are generally long-term, manageable class effects.
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CarrA, ChuahJ, HudsonJA randomized open-label comparison of three highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens including two nucleoside analogues and indinavir for previously untreated HIV-1 infection: the OzCombo 1 study.AIDS2000; 14: 117180
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EronJJ, MurphyRL, PetersonDA comparison of stavudine, didanosine and indinavir with zidovudine, lamivudine and indinavir for the initial treatment of HIV 1 infected individuals: Selection of thymidine analog regimen therapy (START II).AIDS2000; 14: 160110
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Gilead Sciences Inc.Gilead Announces Preliminary 48-week Study Results Showing Viread™ Comparable to Stavudine in Treatment-naïve HIV Patients. Gilead Press Release, 7 May 2002. Cambridge Gilead Sciences, 2002
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KuritzkesDR, MarschnerI, JohnsonVALamivudine in combination with zidovudine, stavudine, or didanosine in patients with HIV-1 infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.AIDS1999; 13: 68594
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FoudraineN, WeverlingG, JurriannsSRemarkably sustained virologie response after indinavir addition to suboptimal AZT/3TC and d4T/3TC therapy: 72 weeks follow-up [Abstract 635]. 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago 1999
10.
RubioR, PulidoF, MartinJCombination therapy with AZT+3TC+indinavir vs. d4T+3TC+indinavir in pretreated patients with less than 200 CD4/mm3 [Abstract 379]. 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago 1998
11.
BarilJG, PollardRB, RaffiFStavudine extended/prolonged (XR/PRC) vs stavudine immediate release (IR) in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz: 48 week efficacy and safety [Poster LbPeB9014]. XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona 2002
12.
LarderB, WangD, HarriganR. Identification of a set of ‘nucleoside associated mutations’ (NAMs) that are the common cause of nucleoside cross-resistance [Abstract 06]. 3rd European Symposium on the Clinical Implications of HIV Drug Resistance, Frankfurt 2001
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LarderBA, MillerV. Mutational patterns in the HIV genome and cross-resistance following nucleoside and nucleotide analogue drug exposure.Antivir Ther2001; 6 (suppl 1):389
14.
MoyleGL, LawM, SawyerAWA meta-analysis of changes in haemoglobin, CD4 and viral load over 24 and 48 weeks across six randomised trials of highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens comparing stavudine and zidovudine in treatment-naïve individuals [Poster 94]. 4th International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Lipodystrophy in HIV, San Diego 2002
15.
StaszewskiS, GallantJ, PozniakAEfficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) versus stavudine (d4T) when used in combination with lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz (EFV) in HIV-1 infected patients naive to antiretroviral therapy (ART): 48-week interim results (LbOr17).XIV IAC, 2002
16.
LichtensteinKA, WardDJ, MoormanACClinical assessment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy in an ambulatory population.AIDS2001; 15: 138998
17.
LichtensteinKA, DelaneyKM, ArmonCIncidence of and risk factors for lipoatrophy (abnormal fat loss) in ambulatory HIV-1-infected patients.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr2003; 32: 4856
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YeniPG, HammerSM, CarpenterCCAntiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel.JAMA2002; 288: 22235
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MartínezE, MocroftA, García-ViejoMARisk of lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors.Lancet2001; 357: 5928
20.
DubeMP, ZackinR, TebasPProspective study of regional body composition in antiretroviral-naïve subjects randomized to receive zidovudine+lamivudine or didanosine+stavudine combined with nelfinavir, efavirenz, or both: A5005s, a substudy of ACTG 384 [Abstract 27]. 4th International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Lipodystrophy in HIV Infection, San Diego 2002
21.
CarrA, WorkmanC, SmithDEAbacavir substitution for nucleoside analogs in patients with HIV lipoatrophy: a randomized trial.JAMA2002; 288: 20715
22.
TashimaK, Morales-RamirezJ, ButcherDImpact on fat loss of ZDV+3TC backbone: abdominal CT-scan sub-study of Study DMP 266-006 [Abstract 737]. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston 2003
23.
LedruE, ChristeffN, PateyO, de TruchisP, MelchiorJC, GougeonML. Alteration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha T-cell homeostasis following potent antiretroviral therapy contribution to the development of human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy syndrome.Blood2000; 95: 31918
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MaherB, AlfirevicA, VilarFJTNF-alpha promoter region gene polymorphisms in HIV-positive patients with lipodystrophy.AIDS2002; 16;201318
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BirkusG, HitchcockMJ, CihlarT. Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity in human cells treated with tenofovir: comparison with other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.Antimicrob Agents Chemother2002; 46: 71623
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MoyleG. Mitochondrial toxicity hypothesis for lipoatrophy: a refutation.AIDS2001; 15: 41315
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CotéHC, BrummeZL, CraibKJChanges in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients.N Engl J Med2002; 346: 8120
28.
LopezS, MiroO, GarciaMAssessment of mitochondrial toxicity of diverse HAART regimens by a simultaneous genetic and biochemical approach [Abstract PL 14.1]. 6th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow 2002
29.
FalcoV, RodriguezD, RiberaESevere nucleoside-associated lactic acidosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: report of 12 cases and review of the literature.Clin Infect Dis2002; 34: 83816
