Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.1998 Guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.Morb Mortal Wkly Rep1998; 47 (RR1): 1116
2.
World Health Organization.Sexually Transmitted Infections Management Guidelines 1999.Geneva: WHO, 1999 [http://www.who.int/HIV_AIDS]
3.
LejmanK, StarzyckiZ. Syphilitic balanitis of Follmann developing after the appearance of the primary chancre.Br J Ven Dis1975; 51: 13840
4.
ChapelTA. The signs and symptoms of secondary syphilis.Sex Transm Dis1980; 7: 1514
5.
IdsøeO, GutheT, WillcoxRR. Penicillin in the treatment of syphilis. The experience of three decades.Bull WHO1972; 47: 168
6.
RisbudA, Chan-TackK, GadkariDThe etiology of genital ulcer disease by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and relationship to HIV infection among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Pune, India.Sex Transm Dis1999; 26: 5561
7.
BruistenSM, CairoI, FennemaHDiagnosing genital ulcer disease in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.J Clin Microbiol2001; 39: 6015
8.
LarsenSA, SteinerBM, RudolphAH. Laboratory diagnosis and interpretation of tests for syphilis.Clin Microbiol Rev1995; 8: 121
9.
NandwaniR, EvansDTP. Are you sure it's syphilis? A review of false positive serology.Int J STD AIDS1995; 6: 2418
10.
EgglestoneSI, TurnerAJL. Serological diagnosis of syphilis.Commun Dis Public Health2000; 3: 15862
11.
YoungH. Guidelines for serological testing for syphilis.Sex Transm Inf2000; 76: 4035
12.
FraserCM, NorrisSJ, WeinstockGMComplete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochaete.Science1998; 281: 37581
13.
LugerAF, SchmidtBL, KaulichM. Significance of laboratory findings for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis.Int J STD AIDS2000; 11: 22434
14.
Van Voorst VaderPC. Syphilis management and treatment.Dermatol Clin1998; 16: 699711
15.
WieselJ, RoseDN, SilverAL, SacksHS, BernsteinRH. Lumbar puncture in asympotomatic late syphilis.Arch Intern Med1985; 145: 4658
PerdrupA, JorgensenBB, Stranberg PedersenN. The profile of neurosyphilis in Denmark. A clinical and serological study of all patients in Denmark with neurosyphilis disclosed in the years 1971-1979.Acta Dermatovener (Stockh)1981(suppl 96): 314
18.
Van EijkRVW, WoltersEC, TutuarimaJA, HischeEAH, BosJD, Van TrotsenburgLEffect of early and late syphilis on central nervous system: cerebrospinal fluid changes and neurological deficit.Gentourin Med1987; 63: 7782
19.
WoltersEC, HischeEAH, TutuarimaJACentral nervous system involvement in early and late syphilis: the problem of asymptomatic neurosyphilis.J Neurol Sciences1988; 88: 22939
20.
DunlopEMC. Survival of treponemes after treatment, comments, clinical conclusions and recommendations.Genitourin Med1985; 61: 293301
21.
AkovbyanVA, KubanovaAA, ToporovskyLM, AkovbyanGV, FedoriovaLD, SorkinRZBenzylpenicillin benzathine (Extencillin) in the treatment of syphilis: five-year experience [in Russian].Vestnik Dermatologii iVenerologii1998; No. 4: 611
22.
LöwhagenGB, JohannisonG, RoupeG. Alternative treatment of early syphilis—comparison between oral penicillin V and intramuscular procaine penicillin.Eur J Sex Transm Dis1984; 1: 15964
23.
FaberWR, BosJD, TietraPJGM, FassH, Van EijkRVW. Treponemicidal levels of amoxycilin in cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration.Sex Transm Dis1983; 10: 14850
24.
MorrisonRE, HarrisonSM, TramontEC. Oral amoxycillin, an alternative treatment for neurosyphilis.Genitourin Med1985; 61: 35962
25.
Whiteside YimC, FlynnNM, FitzgeraldFT. Penetration of oral doxycycline into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with latent or neurosyphilis.Antimicrobial Agents Chemother1985; 28: 3478
26.
VerdonMS, Hunter HandsfieldH, JohnsonRB. Pilot study of azithromycin for treatment of primary and secondary syphilis.Clin Inf Dis1994; 19: 4868
27.
MashkilleysonAL, GombergMA, MashikilleysonN, KutinSA. Treatment of syphilis with azithromycin.Int J STD AIDS1996; 7 (suppl 1): 135
28.
GruberGF, KastelanM, CabrijanL, SimonieE, BrajacI. Treatment of early syphilis with azithromycin.J Chemother2000; 12: 2403
29.
MarraGM, BoutinP, McArthurJC, HurwitzS, SimpsonPA, HaslettJAA pilot study evaluating ceftriaxone and penicillin G as treatment agents for neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals.Clin Inf Dis2000; 30: 5404
30.
DowellME, RossPG, MusherDM, CateTR, BaughnRE. Response of latent syphilis or neurosyphilis to ceftriaxone therapy in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus.Am J Med1992; 93: 4818
31.
GjestlandT. An epidemiological investigation of the natural course of the syphilitic infection based upon a restudy of the Boeck-Bruusgaard material.Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)1955; 35 (suppl 34)
32.
LöwhagenGB, AnderssonM, BlomstrandC, RoupeG. Central nervous system involvement in early syphilis. Part I. Intrathecal immunoglobulin production.Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)1983; 63: 40917
33.
LöwhagenGB, RosenhallU, AnderssonM, BlomstrandC, LindholmL, RoupeG. Central nervous system involvement in early syphilis. Part II. Correlation between auditory brainstem responses and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities.Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh)1983; 63: 5305
34.
LöwhagenGB, BrorsonJ-E, KaijserB. Penicillin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum after intramuscular, intravenous and oral administration to syphilitic patients.Acta Derm Verereol (Stockh)1983; 63: 537
35.
GohBT, SmithGW, SamarasingheL, SinghV, LimKS. Penicillin concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after intramuscular injection of aqueous procaine penicillin 0.6 MU with and without oral probenecid.Br J Venereol Dis1984; 60: 3713
36.
BençM, LedgerWJ. Syphilis in pregnancy.Sex Transm Inf2000; 76; 739
37.
MascolaL, PelosiR, AlexanderCE. Inadequate treatment of syphilis in pregnancy.Am J Obstet Gynecol1984; 150: 9457
38.
DondersGGG, DesmyterJ, HooftJ, DeWetH. Apparent failure of one injection of benzathine penicillin G for syphilis during pregnancy in HIV-seronegative African women.Sex Transm Dis1997; 24: 94101
39.
CroweG, TheodoreC, ForsterGE, GohBT. Acceptability and compliance with daily injections of procaine penicillin in the treatment of syphilis-treponemal infection.Sex Transm Dis1997; 24: 12730
40.
RompaloAM, JoesoefMr, O'DonnellJA, AugenbraunM, BradyW, RadolfJDClinical manifestations of early syphilis by HIV status and gender. Results of the Syphilis and HIV study.Sex Transm Dis2001; 28: 15865
GohB. National guideline for the management of early syphilis. In: Radcliffe K, Ahmed-Jushuf I, Cowan F, FitzGerald M, Wilson J eds. UK national guidelines on sexually transmitted infections and closely related conditions.Sex Transm Inf1999; 75 (suppl 1): S29S33
43.
FrenchP. National guideline for the management of late syphilis. In: Radcliffe K, Ahmed-Jushuf I, Cowan F, Fitzgerald M, Wilson J, eds. UK national guidelines on sexually transmitted infections and closely related conditions.Sex Transm Inf1999; 75 (suppl 1): S34S37
44.
BrockmeyerNH. Syphilis. In: PetzoldtD, GrossG, eds. Diagnostik und Therapie sexuell übertragbarer Krankheiten. Deutsche Leitlinien.Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2001: 10111
45.
Van Voorst VaderPC, Van der MeijdenWI, CairoI eds. Sexually transmitted diseases: Netherlands diagnosis and therapy guidelines 1997.Utrecht: Stichting SOA-bestrijding, 1997 [http://www.soa.nl]
46.
PerdrupA. Penicillin treatment of early syphilis. A follow-up study of 213 patients observed for 1-11 years. Comparison between the effect of six and twelve million units.Acta Derm Venereol1960; 40: 34057
47.
Van der ValkPGM, KraaiEJ, Van Voorst VaderPC, Haaxma-ReicheH, SnijderJAM. Penicillin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during repository treatment regimen for syphilis.Genitourin Med1988; 64: 2234
48.
DunlopEMC, Al-EgailySS, HouangET. Penicillin concentrations in CSF during repository treatment for syphilis.Genitourin Med1990; 66: 2278
49.
SchothPEM, WoltersEC. Penicillin concentrations in serum and CSF during high-dose intravenous treatment for neurosyphilis.Neurology1987; 37: 121416
50.
WilhelmusKR, YokoyamaCM. Syphilitic episcleritis and scleritis.Am J Ophthalmol1987; 104: 5957