European guideline for testing for HIV infection

World Health Organization (WHO). Preventive measures. Evaluation of certain legislative measures. In: Health Legislation And Ethics In The Field of AIDS And HIV Infection, Report on an International Consultation. Norway: WHO, Regional Office for Europe by Directorate of Health, 1988

Valdiserri R , Holtgrave D , West GR . Promoting early testing HIV diagnosis and entry into care. AIDS 1999; 13: 231730

Centers for Disease Control. Technical guidance on HIV counseling. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42 (No. RR-2): 1117

Celum C , Buchbinder S . Counseling and testing for HIV infection. In: Holmes KK , Sparling FP , Mårdh PA , eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd Edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999: 96371

Darr ES , Little S , Pitt J Diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 259

Saag MS . Clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus disease. In: DeVita VT , Hellman S , Rosenberg SA , eds. AIDS: Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, 4th Edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997: 20311

Bartlett JG . Natural History and Classification. Medical Management of HIV Infection. 1999: 116

Van Voorst Vader PC , Van der Meijden WI , Cairo I eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Netherlands Diagnosis and Therapy Guidelines 1997. Utrecht: Stichting SOA-bestrijding, 1997: 3811 [http://www.soa.nl]

Landesmann SH , Dehowitz JA . HIV diagnostic testing: ethical, legal and clinical considerations. In: Holmes KK , Mårdh PA , Sparling FP , eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2nd Edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990: 97583

Katz MH , Gerderding JL . Post-exposure prophylaxis after sexual exposure to HIV. J HIV Therapy 2000; 5: 59

McCullough S , Boag F . Risk assessment after sexual exposure to HIV. J HIV Therapy 2000; 5: 1013

Centers for Disease Control. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in transfusion recipients and their family members. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987; 36: 13740

Feorino PM , Jaffe HW , Palmer E Transfusion associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: evidence for persistent infection blood donors. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1293

Centers for Disease Control. Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion: Safety of therapeutic produucts used for hemophilia patients. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988; 37: 4414; 449-50. Leads from the MMWR Vol 37, No. 29, 1988. Safety of therapeutic product used for haemophilia patients. JAMA 1988; 260

Centers for Disease Control. Public health service guidelines for counting and antibody testing to prevent HIV infection and AIDS. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987; 36: 50915

Petersen LR , Simonds RJ , Kostinen J . HIV transmission through blood, tissues and organs. AIDS 1993; 7 (suppl 1): 99107

Goldman L . Cost awareness in medicine. Harrison Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998: Vol. 1: 4952

Gurtler L . Difficulties and strategies of HIV diagnosis. Lancet 1996; 348: 176

Bartlett JG . Laboratory tests. Medical Management of HIV Infection. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, Dept of Infectious Diseases, 1999: 1744

Saag MS . AIDS testing now and in the future. In: Sande MA , Volderding PA , eds. The Medical Management of AIDS, 4th Edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1995: 6585

Busch M , Satten G . Time-course of viremia and antibody seroconversion following human immunodeficiency virus exposure. Am J Med 1997; 102: 11724

Burke D , Brundage J , Redfield R Measurement of the false positive rate in a screening program for human immunodeficiency virus infections. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 961

MacDonald K , Brooks Jackson J , Bowman R Performance characteristics of serologic tests for human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV1) antibody among Minnesota blood donors. Ann Int Med 1989; 110: 617

Craven D , Steger K , LaChapelle R , Allen D . Factitious HIV infection: the importance of documenting infection. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 763

Leaity S Repeat HIV testing: high-risk behaviour or risk reduction strategy? AIDS 2000; 14: 547

Kalichman SC , Schaper PE , Belcher L It's like regular part of gay life: repeat HIV antibody testing among gay and bisexual men. AIDS Educ Prev 1997; 9 (suppl 8): 4151

Bindman A , Oshmond D , Hecht F Multistate evaluation of anonymous HIV testing and access to medical care. JAMA 1998; 280: 1416

Valdiserri RO . HIV counseling and testing: Its evolving role in HIV prevention. AIDS Educ Prev 1997; 9 (suppl B): 213

Sherrad QC , Gatt I . Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing. BMJ 1987; 295: 91112

McCormick MC , Davidson EC JR. , Stoto MA . Preventing prenatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Committee on Perinatal Transmission of HIV. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94 (5/1):795

Sherrad QC , Gatt I . HIV antibody testing: summary of BMA guidance. BMJ 1987; 295: 940

Meursing K , Sibindi F . HIV counseling — a luxury or necessity? Health Policy Plan 2000; 15: 1723

Centers for Disease Control. HIV Counseling, Testing and Referrals: Standards and Guidelines. Atlanta GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1994

Marx R , Hirozawa AM , Chu PL , Bolan GA , Katz MH . Linking clients from HIV antibody counseling and testing to prevention services. Comm Health 1999; 24: 201

Centers for Disease Control. Diagnostic testing for HIV 1 and HIV 2. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998; 47 (5/1):1217

Sperling R , Shapiro D , Coombs R Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type from mother to infant. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1621

Centers for Disease Control. Update: perinatally acquired HIV/AIDS, United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46: 1986

Keane D , Rein gold A . Multistate evaluation of anonymous HIV testing and access to medical care. Multistate evaluation of surveillance of HIV. JAMA 1998; 280: 141620

Rossi I , Jeannin A , Dubois Arber F , Guex P , Vanotti M . Comparison of the clientele of an anonymous HIV test centre and persons tested in the general population. AIDS Care 1998; 10: 89103

Stall R , Hoff C , Coates T Decisions to get HIV tested and to accept antiretroviral therapies among gay and bisexual men; implications for secondary prevention efforts. J Acquired Immune Defic Syndr 1996; 11: 15160

Hirano D , Geliert GA , Fleming K , Boyd D , Englender S , Hawks H . Anonymous HIV testing: the impact of availability on demand in Arizona. Am J Publ Health 1994; 84: 200810

Fehrs LJ , Foster LR , Fox V Trial of anonymous versus confidential human immunodeficiency virus testing. Lancet 1988; 379: 381

Philips KA , Coates T , Erversley R , Catania J . Who plans to be tested for HIV or would get tested if no one could find out the results? Am J Prev Med 1995; 11: 15662

Billington A , Imrie J , McOvan A , Paragreen S , Rogers C , French L . Young men attending a dedicated service are less likely to test for HIV than peers using routine clinic services: Why? [Abstract 43130]. 12th World AIDS Conference. Conference Record. Geneva: Marathon Multimedia, 1998

Kessler WJ , Dillon BA , Haley C , Jones WK , Goldman A . On site, rapid HIV testing with same-day results and counseling. AIDS 1997; 11: 104551

Kassler W HIV prevention counselling using an on-site, rapid HIV assay. 10th International Conference on AIDS; International Conference on STD. Yokohama: 1994

Goodie G , Mayors T , Lambent J , Calzavara L , Locker D . Understanding the intention of gay and bisexual men to take the HIV test. AIDS Educ Prev 1997; 9: 31141

Myers T , Godin G , Lambert J , Calzavara L , Locker D . Sexual risk and HIV-testing behaviour by gay and bisexual men in Canada. AIDS Care 1996; 8: 297309

Alwano-Edyegu M , Marum E . Knowledge is Power: Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing in Uganda. Geneva: UNAIDS, 1999

Hudson M , Nelson W , Ronalds C , Anderson J , Jeffries D . HIV antibody testing: genito-urinary clinic or additional site same day testing service. AIDS Care 1997; 9: 20915

Gorbach P , Aral S , Celum C To notify or not to notify. STD patients’ perspectives of partner notification in Seattle. Sex Trans Dis 2000; 27: 193200

Centers for Disease Control. Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion: partner notification/contact tracing. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987; 36: 513