AgusGB, ManciniS, MagiG.The first 1000 cases of Italian Endovenous-laser Working Group (IEWG). Rationale, and long-term outcomes for the 1999-2003 period. Int Angiol2006; 25: 209–15.
ArnoldiCC.The aetiology of primary varicose veins. Danish Med Bull1957; 4: 102–7.
4.
ArfvidssonB, EklofB, KistnerRL, OgawaT, ParsiK.A prospective evaluation of the risk for venous leg thrombosis associated with prolonged air travel: a pilot study. Cardiovasc Surg2001; 9: 455–7.
5.
AscherE, LorensenE, PollinaRM, GennaroM.Preliminary results of a nonoperative approach to saphenofemoral junction thrombophlebitis. J Vasc Surg1995; 22: 616–21.
6.
AtriM, HerbaMK, ReinholdC.Accuracy of sonography in the evaluation of calf deep vein thrombosis in both post-operative surveillance and symptomatic patients. Am J Roentgenol166;1361–1367: 1996
7.
BaccagliniU, SpreaficoG, CastoroC, SorrentinoP.Sclerotherapy of varicose veins of the lower limbs. Consensus paper. Dermatol Surg1996; 22 (10): 883–9.
BarwellJR, DaviesCE, DeaconJ.Comparison of surgery and compression with compression alone in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR study): rando mised controlled trial. Lancet2004; 363: 1854–9.
12.
BassA, ChayenD, WeinmannEE, ZissM.Lateral venous ulcer and short saphenous vein insufficiency. J Vasc Surg1997; 25: 654–7.
13.
BealeRJ, MavorAID, GoughMJ.Heat dissipation during endovenous laser treatment of varicose veins - is there a risk of nerve injury?Phlebology2006; 21: 32–5.
14.
Beebe-DimmerJL, PfeiferJ, EngleJS, SchottenfeldD.The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Ann Epidemiol2005; 15: 175–84.
15.
BelcaroG, NicolaidesAN, RicciA.Endovascular sclerotherapy, surgery, and surgery plus sclerotherapy for superficial venous incompetence: a randomized 10-year follow-up trial: final results. Angiology2000; 51: 529–34.
16.
BerganJJ.Foam sclerotherapy: indications, drugs, techniques and results. Vascular2004; 12: S53–4
BishopCC, FronekHS, FronekA, DilleyRB, BernsteinEF.Real-time color duplex scanning after sclerotherapy of the greater saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg1991; 14: 505–10.
23.
BjarnasonH, KruseJR, AsingerDA.Iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis: safety and efficacy outcome during 5 years of catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol1997; 8: 405–18.
24.
BjordalR.Simultaneous pressure and flow recordings in varicose veins of the lower extremities. Acta Chir Scand1970; 136: 309–26.
BrandFN, DannenbergAL, AbbottRD, KannelWB.The epidemiology of varicose veins: the Framingham Study. Am J Prev Med1988; 4: 96–101.
27.
BreuFX, GuggenbichlerS.European Consensus Meeting on Foam Sclerotherapy. April 4-1, 2003, Tegernsee, Germany. Dermatol Surg2004; 30: 709–17.
28.
BrowseNL, BurnandKG.The cause of venous ulceration. Lancet1982; ii: 243–1
29.
BullerHR.Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest2004; 126 (3 Suppl): 401S–28S
30.
Cabrera CabreraJJr, Garcia-OlmedoMA.Treatment of varicose long saphenous veins with sclerosant in microfoam form: long term outcomes. Phlebology2000; 15: 19–13.
31.
CabreraJ, RedondoP, BecerraA.Ultrasound-guided injection of polidocanol microforamin the management of venous leg ulcers. Arch Dermatol2004; 140: 667–13.
32.
CaggiatiA, BerganJJ, GloviczkiP, JantetG, Wendell-SmithCP, PartschH.International Interdisciplinary Consensus Committee on Venous Anatomical Termi nology. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limbs: an international interdisciplinary consensus statement. J Vasc Surg2002; 36: 416–12.
33.
CaggiatiA, BerganJJ, GloviczkiP, EklofB, AllegraC, PartschH.Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limb: extensions, refinements, and clinical application. J Vasc Surg2005; 41: 719–14.
34.
CallamMJ.Epidemiology of varicose veins. Br J Surg1994; 81: 167–13.
35.
CallamMJ, RuckleyCV, HarperDR.Chronic ulceration of the leg: extent of the problem and provision of care. Br Med J1985; 290: 1855–1.
36.
CarlinMC, RatzJL.Treatment of telangiectasia: comparison of sclerosing agents. J Derm Surg Oncol1987; 13: 1181–1.
37.
CarpentierPH, MaricqHR, BiroC, Poncot-MakinenCO, FrancoA.Prevalence, risk factors and clinical patterns of chronic venous disorders of lower limbs: a population-based study in France. J Vasc Surg2004; 40: 650–1.
38.
CheatleTR, McMullinGM, FarrahJ.Skin damage in chronic venous insufficiency: does an oxygen diffusion barrier really exist?. J R Soc Med1990; 83: 48–1.
39.
CheatleT.The long saphenous vein: to strip or not to strip. Semin Vasc Surg2005; Mar; 18(1):10–1
40.
ChristopoulosDG, NicolaidesAN, SzendroG, IrvineAT, BullML, EastcottHH.Air-plethysmography and the effect of elastic compression on venous hemodynamics of the leg. J Vasc Surg1987; 5: 148–19.
41.
Coleridge-SmithP, LokC, RameletAA.Venous leg ulcer: a meta-analysis of adjunctive therapy with micronized purified flavonoid fraction. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2005; 30: 198–108.
42.
Coleridge SmithPD, ThomasP, ScurrJH.Causes of venous ulceration: a new hypothesis?Br Med J1988; 296: 1726–1
43.
ComerotaAJ, KaganSA.Catheter-directed thrombolysis for the treatment of acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Phlebology2001; 15: 149–15.
44.
ComerotaAJ, ThrombRC, MathiasS.Catheter-directed thrombolysis for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis improves health-related quality of life. J Vasc Surg2000; 32: 130–1.
45.
Cornu-ThénardA, BoivinP, BaudJM.Importance of the familial factors in varicose disease. Clinical study of 134 families. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1994; 20: 318–16.
46.
CriadoE, FarberMA, MarstonWA.The role of air plethysmography in the diagnosis of chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg1998; 27: 660–10.
47.
DalsingMC, RicottaJJ, WakefieldT, LynchTG, OurielK.Animal models for the study of lower extremity chronic venous disease: lessons learned and future needs. Ann Vasc Surg1998; 12: 487–14.
DavisLT, DuffyDM.Determination of incidence and risk factors for postsclerotherapy telangiectatic matting of the lower extremity: a retrospective analysis. J Dermatol Surg Onc1990; 16: 327–10.
50.
deFariaJL, MoraesIN.Histopathology of telangiectasias associated with varicose veins. Dermatologica1963; 127: 321–1.
51.
de MedeirosCA, LuccasGC.Comparison of endovenous treatment with an 810nm laser versus conventional stripping of the great saphenous vein in patients with primary varicose veins. Dermatol Surg2005; 31: 1685–14.
52.
DePalmaRG, KowallekDL.Venous ulceration: a crossover study from non-operative to operative treatment. J Vasc Surg1996; 24: 788–10.
53.
DoverJS, SadickNS, GoldmanMP.The role of lasers and light sources in the treatment of leg veins. Dermatol Surg1999; 25: 328–15.
54.
DunnCW, KabnickLS, MerchantRF, OwensR, WeissRA.Endovascular radiofrequency obliteration using 90 degrees C for treatment of great saphenous vein. Ann Vasc Surg July 25;[Epub ahead of print]
55.
DurkinMT, TurtonEP, WijesingheLD, ScottDJ, BerridgeDC.Long saphenous vein stripping and quality of life - a randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2001; 21: 545–1.
56.
DwerryhouseS, DaviesB, HarradineK, EarnshawJJ.Stripping the long saphenous vein reduces the rate of reoperation for recurrent varicose veins: five-year results of a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg1999; 29: 589–12.
57.
EklofB, RutherfordRB, BerganJJ.Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. J Vasc Surg2004; 40: 1248–12.
58.
FalangaV, EaglsteinWH.The ‘trap’ hypothesis of venous ulceration. Lancet1993; 341: 1006–1.
59.
FalangaV, MargolisD, AlvarezO.Rapid healing of venous ulcers and lack of clinical rejection with an allogeneic cultured human skin equivalent. Arch Dermatol1998; 134: 293
60.
FarrahJ, SaharayM, GeorgiannosSN, ScurrJH, SmithPD.Variable venous anatomy of the popliteal fossa demonstrated by duplex scanning. Dermatol Surg1998; 24: 901–1.
61.
FeganWG, PegumJM.Accidental intra-arterial injection during sclerotherapy of varicose veins. Br J Surg1974; 61: 124–1.
62.
FeiedCF.Deep vein thrombosis: the risks of sclerotherapy in hypercoagulable states. Semin Derm1993; 12: 135–19.
63.
FischerR, ChandlerJG, De MaeseneerMG.Collective review: the unresolved problem of recurrent saphenofemoral reflux. J Amer Coll Surg2002; 195: 80–14.
64.
FischerR, LindeN, DuffC, JeanneretC, ChandlerJG, SeeberP.Late recurrent saphenofemoral junction reflux after ligation and stripping of the greater saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg2001; 34: 236–10.
65.
FligelstonL, CarolanG, PughN, MinstP, ShandallA, LaneI.An assessment of the long saphenous vein for potential use as a vascular conduit after varicose vein surgery. J Vasc Surg1993; 18: 836–10.
FowkesFJ, PriceJF, FowkesFG.Incidence of diag nosed deep vein thrombosis in the general population: systematic review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg25;1–1: 2003
68.
FrulliniA.New technique in producing sclerosing foam in a disposable syringe. Derm Surg2000; 26: 705–1.
69.
FrulliniA, CavezziA.Sclerosing foam in the treatment of varicose veins and telangiectases: history and analysis of safety and complications. Dermatol Surg2002; 28: 11–15.
70.
GarrattAM, RutaDA, AbdallaMI, RussellIT.Responsiveness of the SF-36 and a condition-specific measure of health for patients with varicose veins. Qual Life Res1996; 5: 223–14.
71.
GeertsWH, PineoGF, HeitJA.Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Con ference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest2004; 126: 338S–400S
GoldmanMP, MaritessM, RaoJ.Intravascular 1320-nm laser closure of the great saphenous vein: a 6- to 12-month follow-up study. Dermatol Surg2004; 30: 1380–1.
77.
GoldmanMP, SadickNS, WeissRA.Cutaneous necrosis, telangiectatic matting, and hyperpigmentation following sclerotherapy. Etiology, prevention, and treatment. Dermatol Surg1995; 21: 19–19.
78.
GoldmanMP, WeissRA, BerganJJ.Diagnosis and treatment of varicose veins: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol1994; 31: 393–13.
79.
GuexJJ, AllaertFA, GilletJL, ChleirF.Immediate and mid-term complications of sclerotherapy: report of a prospective, multi-center registry of 12,173 sclerotherapy sessions. Derm Surg2005; 31: 123–1.
80.
Hamel-DesnosC, DesnosP, WollmannJC, OuvryP, MakoS, AllaertFA.Evaluation of the efficacy of polidocanol in the form of foam compared with liquid form in sclerotherapy of the greater saphenous vein: initial results. Dermatol Surg2003; 29: 1170–1.
81.
HanrahanLM, ArakiCT, RodriguezAA.Dis tribution of valvular incompetence in patients with venous stasis ulceration. J Vasc Surg1991; 13: 805–11.
HeitJA, MohrDN, SilversteinMD.Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med2000; 160: 761–1.
84.
HeitJA, O'FallonWM, PettersonTM.Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med2002; 162: 1245–1.
85.
HeitJA, SilversteinMD, MohrDN, PettersonTM, O'FallonWM, MeltonLJ.IIIRisk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med2000; 160: 809–15.
86.
HingoraniAP, AscherE, MarkevichN.Deep venous thrombosis after radiofrequency ablation of greater saphenous vein: a word of caution. J Vasc Surg2004; 40: 500–1.
87.
HirshJ, GuyattG, AlbersGW, SchunemannHJ.The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. evidence-based guidelines. Chest2004; 126: 172S–3S
88.
HirshJ, RaschkeR.Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest2004; 126: 188S–203S
89.
HoareMC, NicolaidesAN, MilesCR.The role of primary varicose veins in venous ulceration. Surgery1982; 92: 450–1.
90.
HornerJ, FernandesE, NicolaidesAN.Value of graduated compression stockings in deep venous insufficiency. Br Med J1980; 280: 920
91.
HumphriesJ, McGuinnessCL, SmithA.Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) accelerates the organization and resolution of venous thrombi. J Vasc Surg1999; 30: 894–1.
92.
JawienA, GrzelaT, OchwatA.Prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in Poland: multicenter cross-sectional study in 40,095 patients. Phlebology2003; 18: 110–11.
93.
JonesL, BraithwaiteBD, SelwynD, CookeS, EarshawJJ.Neovascularization is the principal cause of varicose vein recurrence: results of a randomized trial of stripping the long saphenous vein. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg1996; 12: 442–1.
94.
JorgensenJO, HanelKC, MorganAM, HuntJM.The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs. J Vasc Surg1993; 18: 70–1.
95.
JullAB, WatersJ, ArrollB.Pentoxifylline for treating venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2002: (1):CD001733
96.
KianifardB, HoldstockJM, WhiteleyMS.Radiofrequency ablation (VNUS closure) does not cause neovascularisation at the groin at one year: results of a case controlled study. Surgeon2006; 4: 71–1.
KanterA.Clinical determinants of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy outcome. Part I: The effects of age, gender, and vein size. Dermatol Surg1998; 24: 131–1.
99.
KernerJ, Schultz-EhrenburgU.Functional meaning of different injection levels in the course of sclerotherapy. Phlebology1989; 4: 123–11.
100.
KhilnaniN, MinR.Duplex ultrasound evaluation of venous insufficiency. Tech Vasc Int Radiol2003; 6: 125–11.
101.
KillewichLA, MackoRF, CoxK.Regression of proximal deep venous thrombosis is associated with fibrinolytic enhancement. J Vasc Surg1997; 26: 861–1.
102.
KistnerRL.Endovascular obliteration of the greater saphenous vein: The Closure procedure. Jpn J Phlebol2002;13: 325–13
103.
KistnerRL.Definitive diagnosis and definitive treat ment in chronic venous disease: a concept whose time has come. J Vasc Surg1996; 24: 788–12.
104.
KrauseU, KockHJ, KrogerK, AlbrechtK, RudosfskyG.Prevention of deep venous thrombosis associated with superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg by early saphenous vein ligation. Vasa1998; 27: 34–1.
105.
LabropoulosN, DelisK, NicolaidesAN.The role of the distribution and anatomic extent of reflux in the development of signs and symptoms in chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg1996; 23: 504–10.
LabropoulosN, LeonM, NicolaidesAN, GiannoukasAD, VolteasN, ChanP.Superficial venous insuffi ciency: correlation of anatomic extent of reflux with clinical symptoms and signs. J Vasc Surg1994; 20: 953–1.
109.
LabropoulosN, VolteaN, LeonM.The role of venous outflow obstruction in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Arch Surg1997; 132: 46–11.
110.
LalBK, SaitoS, PappasPJ.Altered proliferative responses of dermal fibroblasts to TGF-B1 may contribute to chronic venous stasis ulcers. J Vasc Surg2003; 37: 1285–13.
111.
LanganEM, MillerRS, CaseyWJ.Prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in the trauma patients at high risk: follow-up examination and risk/benefit assess ment. J Vasc Surg1999; 30: 484–10.
112.
LevineMN, RaskobG, BeythRJ, KearonC, SchulmanS.Hemorrhagic complications of antithrombotic treat ment. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest2004; 126: 287S–310S
113.
LewisKM.Anaphylaxis due to sodium morrhuate. JAMA1936; 107: 1298–1.
114.
LippmannHI, FishmanLM, FarrarRH.Edema control in the management of disabling chronic venous insufficiency. Arch Phys Med Rehabil1994; 75: 436
115.
LohrJM, McDevittDT, LutterKS, RoedersheimerLR, SampsonMG.Operative management of greater saphenous thrombophlebitis involving the saphenofemoral junction. Am J Surg1992; 164: 269–15.
116.
LudbrookJ.The musculo-venous pumps of the human lower limb. Am Health J1966; 71: 635–11.
117.
LuptonJR, AlsterTS, RomeroP.Clinical comparison of sclerotherapy versus long-pulsed Nd: YAG laser treat ment for lower extremity telangiectases. Dermatol Surg2002; 28: 694–1.
118.
LurieF, CretonD, EklofB.Prospective rando mized study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (closure procedure) versus ligation and stripping in a selected patient population (EVOLVeS Study). J Vasc Surg2003; 38: 207–14.
119.
LurieF, CretonD, EklofB.Prospective rando mized study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (closure) versus ligation and vein stripping (EVOLVeS): two-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2005; 29: 67–13.
120.
MacGowanWAL, HollandPDJ, BrowneHI, ByrnesDP.The local effects of intra-arterial injections of sodium tetradecyl sulphate (S.T.D.) 3 per cent. Br J Surg1972; 59: 101–1.
MarkelA, MeissnerMH, ManzoRA.A comparison of the cuff deflation method with Valsalva's maneuver and limb compression in detecting venous valvular reflux. Arch Surg1994; 1329: 701–1.
123.
MarstonWA, OwensLV, DaviesS, MendesRR, FarberMA, KeagyBA.Endovenous saphenous ablation corrects the hemodynamic abnormality in patients with CEAP clinical class 3-1 CVI due to superficial reflux. Vasc Endovascular Surg2006; 40: 125–10.
124.
MasudaEM, CostnerRL, ElkoB.Prospective study of duplex scanning for venous reflux: comparison of Valhalla and pneumatic cuff techniques in the reverse Trendelenburg and standing positions. J Vasc Surg1994; 20: 711–10.
125.
MasudaEM, KesslerDM, LurieF.The effect of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy of incompetent per forator veins on venous clinical severity and disability scores. J Vasc Surg2006; Mar: 43(3): 551–1; discussion 556-1
126.
MasudaEM, KistnerRL.Long-term results of venous valve reconstruction: a four- to twenty-one-year follow-up. J Vasc Surg1994; 19: 391–103.
127.
MayberryJC, MonetaGL, TaylorLM.JrFifteen-year results of ambulatory compression therapy for chronic venous ulcers. Surgery1991; 109: 575
128.
MayerW, HirschwehrR, HippmannG, OdpadlikP, BayerP, PartschH.Whole-blood immunoassay (Simplified) versus plasma immunoassay (NycoCard) for the diagnosis of clinically suspected deep vein throm bosis. VASA1997; 26: 97–101.
129.
McCoyS, EvansA, SpurrierN.Sclerotherapy for leg telangiectasia - a blinded comparative trial of polidocanol and hypertonic saline. Dermatol Surg1999; 25: 381–1.
130.
McMullinGM, Coleridge SmithPD, ScurrJH.Objective assessment of high ligation without stripping the long saphenous vein. Br J Surg1991; 78: 1139–12.
131.
MekakoAI, HatfieldJ, BryceJ, LeeD, McCollumPT, ChetterI.A nonrandomised controlled trial of endovenous laser therapy and surgery in the treatment of varicose veins. Ann Vasc Surg2006; 20: 451–1.
132.
MendesRR, MarstonWA, FarberMA, KeagyBA.Treatment of superficial and perforator venous in competence without deep venous insufficiency: is routine perforator ligation necessary?J Vasc Surg2003; 38: 891–1.
133.
MeissnerMH, CapsMT, ZierlerBK, PolisarN.Determinants of chronic venous disease after acute deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg1998; 28: 826–13.
134.
MeissnerMH, ManzoRA, BergelinRO.Deep venous insufficiency: the relationship between lysis and subsequent reflux. J Vasc Surg1993; 18: 596–108.
135.
MerchantRF, DePalmaRG, KabnickLS.Endovascular obliteration of saphenous reflux: a multicenter study. J Vasc Surg2002; 35: 1190–1.
136.
MerchantRF, PichotO.Long-term outcomes of endovenous radio-frequency obliteration of saphenous reflux as a treatment for superficial venous insuffi ciency. J Vasc Surg2005; 42: 502–1.
137.
MerchantRF, PichotO, MyersKA.Four-year follow-up on endovascular radiofrequency obliteration of great saphenous reflux. Dermatol Surg2005; Feb: 31(2): 129–14
138.
MewissenMW, SeabrookGR, MeissnerMH.Catheter-directed thrombolysis for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: report of a national multicenter registry. Radiology1999; 211: 39–19.
139.
MillerGV, LewisWG, SainsburyJR, MacDonaldRC.Morbidity of varicose vein surgery: auditing the benefit of changing clinical practice. Ann R Coll Surg Engl1996; 78: 345–1.
Mostow EN, Haraway GD, Dalsing M, Hodde JP, King D, the Oasis Venus Ulcer Study Group.Effectiveness of an extracellular matrix graft (OASIS Wound Matrix) in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg2005; 41: 837–13.
146.
MotykieGD, CapriniJA, ArcelusJI.Evaluation of therapeutic compression stockings in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg1999; 25: 116
147.
MozesG, GloviczkiP, MenawatSS, FisherDR, CarmichaelSW, KadarA.Surgical anatomy for endoscopic subfascial division of perforating veins. J Vasc Surg1996; 24: 800–1.
148.
MozesG, GloviczkiP.New discoveries and new terminology of leg veins: clinical implications. Vasc Endovasc Surg2004; 38: 367–14.
149.
MozesG, KalraM, CarmoM, SwensonL, GloviczkiP.Extension of saphenous thrombus into the femoral vein: a potential complication of new endovenous ablation techniques. J Vasc Surg2005; 41: 130–1.
150.
MyersDD, HawleyAE, FarrisDM.P-selectin and leukocyte microparticles are associated with venous thrombogenesis. J Vasc Surg2003; 38: 1075–19.
151.
NavarroL, MinR, BoneC.Endovenous laser: a new minimally invasive method of treatment for varicose veins-preliminary observations using an 810nm diode laser. Dermatologic Surgery2001; 27: 117–12.
152.
NeglénP, RajuS.Intravascular ultrasound scan evaluation of the obstructed vein. J Vasc Surg2002; 35: 694–100.
NeglenP, ThrasherTL, RajuS.Venous outflow obstruction: an underestimated contributor to chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg2003; 38: 879–15.
155.
NelsonEA, IglesiasCP, CullumN.Randomized clinical trial of four-layer and short-stretch compression bandages for venous leg ulcers (VenUS I). Br J Surg2004; 91: 1292–1.
156.
NelsonEA, Bell-SayerSE, CullumN.Compression for preventing recurrence of venous ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2000; (4): CD002303
157.
Nicolini P, Closure Group.Treatment of primary varicose veins by endovenous obliteration with the VNUS closure system: results of a prospective multicentre study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2005; Apr: 29(4): 433–1
158.
NiniaJ.Treatment of vulvar varicosities by injection-compression sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg1997; 23: 573–1.
159.
NyamekyeI, ShephardNA, DaviesB, HeatherBP, EarnshawJJ.Clinicopathological evidence that neovascularisation is a cause of recurrent varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg1998; 15: 412–15.
160.
O'DonnellTF.Venous ulcers: what really works and what does not, based on level I evidence. Vascular2005; 13: 513–16.
161.
O'DonnellTF.JrChronic venous insufficiency: an overview of epidemiology, classification, and anatomic considerations. Semin Vasc Surg1988; 1: 60–1.
162.
OlivenciaJA.Ambulatory phlebectomy: rare compli cation of local anesthesia: a case report and literature review. Dermatol Surg1996; 22: 53–1.
163.
OlivenciaJA.Ambulatory phlebectomy in the elderly: review of 100 consecutive cases. Phlebology1997; 12: 78–10.
164.
OlivenciaJA.Complications of ambulatory phlebectomy: review of 1000 consecutive cases. Dermatol Surg1997; 23: 51–1.
165.
OlivenciaJA.Maneuver to facilitate ambulatory. Phlebectomy Dermatol Surg1996; 22: 654–1.
166.
OlivenciaJA.Ambulatory phlebectomy of the foot: review of 75 cases. Dermatol Surg1997; 23: 279–10.
167.
OlivenciaJA.Pitfalls in ambulatory phlebectomy. Dermatol Surg1999; 25: 722–1.
168.
PadbergFTJr, JohnstonMV, SistoSA.Structured exercise improves calf muscle pump function in chronic venous insufficiency: a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg2004; 39: 79–17.
169.
PalfreymanSJ, NelsonEA, LochielR, MichaelsJA.Dressings for healing venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2006; 3: CD001103
170.
PannierF, RabeE.Endovenous laser therapy and radiofrequency ablation of saphenous varicose veins. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino)2006; Feb:47(1):3–1
171.
PapadakisK, ChristodoulouC, ChristopoulosD.Number and anatomical distribution of incompetent thigh perforating veins. Br J Surg1989; 76: 581–1.
172.
PappasPJ, YouR, RameshwarP.Dermal tissue fibrosis in patients with chronic venous insufficiency is associated with increased transforming growth factor-β1gene expression and protein production. J Vasc Surg1999; 30 (6): 1129–15.
173.
PappasPJ, DeFouwDO, VenezioLM.Morphometric assessment of the dermal microcirculation in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg1997; 26: 784–15.
174.
PartschH, KechavarzH, KohnA, MostbeckA.The effect of mobilization of patients during treatment of thromboembolic disorders with low-molecular-weight heparin. Int Angiol1997; 16: 189–12.
PascarellaL, BerganJJ, MekenasL.Severe chronic venous insufficiency treated by foamed sclerosant. Ann Vasc Surg2006; 20: 83–11.
177.
PascarellaL, Schmid-SchonbeinGW, BerganJJ.An animal model of venous hypertension: the role of inflammation in venous valve failure. J Vasc Surg2005; 41: 303–11.
178.
PascarellaL, Schmid-SchonbeinGW, BerganJJ.Microcirculation and venous ulcers. Ann Vasc Surg2005; 19: 921–1.
179.
PeralaJ, RautioT, BiancariF.Radiofrequency endovenous obliteration versus stripping of the long saphenous vein in the management of primary varicose veins: 3-year outcome of a randomized study. Ann Vasc Surg2005; 19: 669–12.
180.
PerkowskiP, RaviR, GowdaRC.Endovenous laser ablation of the saphenous vein for treatment of venous insufficiency and varicose veins: early results from a large single-center experience. J Endovasc Ther2004; 11: 132–1.
181.
PerrinM.Reconstructive surgery for deep venous reflux: a report on 144 cases. Cardiovasc Surg2000; 8: 246–15.
182.
PichotO, KabnickLS, CretonD.Duplex ultrasound scan findings two years after great saphenous vein radiofrequency endovenous obliteration. J Vasc Surg2004; Jan: 39(1): 189–15
183.
PierikEGJM, van UrkH, WittensCHA.Efficacy of subfascial endoscopy in eradicating perforating veins of the lower leg and its relation with venous ulcer healing. J Vasc Surg1997; 26: 255–1.
184.
PollackAA, WoodEH.Venous pressure in the saphenous vein at the ankle in man during exercise and changes in posture. J Appl Physiol1949; 1: 649–12.
185.
PrandoniP, LensingA, CogoA.The long term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med1996; 125: 1–1.
186.
PrandoniP, LensingAW, PrinsMH.Residual venous thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med2002; 137: 955–10.
187.
ProebstleTM, GülD, LehrHA, KarglA, KnopJ.Infrequent early recanalization of greater saphenous vein after endovenous laser treatment. J Vasc Surg2003; 38: 511–16.
188.
ProebstleTM, KrummenauerF, GulD, KnopJ.Nonocclusion and early reopening of the great saphenous vein after endovenous laser treatment is fluence dependent. Dermatol Surg2004; 30 (2 Part 1): 174–1
189.
ProebstleTM, LehrHA, KarglA.Endovenous treatment of the greater saphenous vein with a 940-nm diode laser: thrombotic occlusion after endoluminal thermal damage by laser-generated steam bubbles. J Vasc Surg2002; 35: 729–16.
190.
ProebstleTM, SandhoferM, KarglA.Thermal damage of the inner vein wall during endovenous laser treatment: key role of energy absorption by intravascular blood. Dermatol Surg2002; 28: 596–100.
191.
PuggioniA, KalraM, CarmoM, MozesG, GloviczkiP.Endovenous laser therapy and radiofrequency ablation of the great saphenous vein: analysis of early efficacy and complications. J Vasc Surg2006; Mar: 43(3): 642; author reply 642-1
192.
QueralLA, FranciscoJC.The role of sclerotherapy as an adjunct to Unna?s boot for treating venous ulcers: A prospective study. J Vasc Surg1990; 11: 572–1.
193.
RajuS, FrederickR, LishmanP.Observations on the calf pump mechanism. Determinants of post-exercise pressure. J Vasc Surg1993; 17: 459–19.
194.
RajuS, OwenSJr, NeglénP.The clinical impact of iliac venous stents in the management of chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg2002; 35: 8–15.
RameletAA.Complications of ambulatory phlebectomy. Dermatol Surg1997; 23: 947–14.
197.
RautioT, OhinmaaA, PeralaJ.Endovenous obliteration versus conventional stripping operation in the treatment of primary varicose veins: a randomized controlled trial with comparison of costs. J Vasc Surg2002; 35: 958–15.
198.
RautioTT, PeralaJM, WiikHT, JuvonenTS, HaukipuroKA.Endovenous obliteration with radiofrequency-resistive heating for greater saphenous vein insuffi ciency: a feasibility study. J Vasc Interv Radiol2002; 13: 569–15.
199.
Raymond-MartimbeauP.Effects of sclerotherapy on blood coagulation: a prospective study. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1991; 17: 91
200.
RicciS, GeorgievM.Office varicose vein surgery under local anesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1992; 18: 55–1.
201.
Roos deKP, NeumannHAM.Traumatic neuroma: a rare complication following Muller's phlebectomy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1994; 20: 681–1.
202.
RosendaalFR.Venous thrombosis: a multicausal disease. Lancet1999; 353: 1167–13.
203.
RuckleyCV.Socio-economic impact of chronic venous insufficiency and leg ulcers. Angiology1997; 48: 67–1.
204.
RutgersPH, KitslaarPJEHM.Randomized trial of stripping versus high ligation combined with sclerotherapy in the treatment of incompetent greater saphenous vein. Am J Surg1994; 168: 311–15.
205.
RutherfordRB, PadbergFTJr, ComerotaAJ, KistnerRL, MeissnerMH, MonetaGL.Venous severity scoring: an adjunct to venous outcome assessment. J Vasc Surg2000; 31: 1307–12.
206.
SadickNS.Sclerotherapy of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins. Minimal sclerosant concentrations of hypertonic saline and its relationship to vessel diameter. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1991; 17: 65–10.
207.
SadickNS.Hyperosmolar versus detergent sclerosing agents in sclerotherapy. Effect on distal vessel obliteration. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1994; 20: 313–16.
208.
SadickNS, FarberB.A microbiologic study of diluted sclerotherapy solutions. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1993; 19: 450–1.
209.
SaitoS, TrovatoMJ, YouR.Role of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in chronic venous insuffi ciency. J Vasc Surg2001; 34: 930–1.
210.
Salles-CunhaSX, ComerotaAJ, TzilinisA.Ultrasound findings after radiofrequency ablation of the great saphenous vein: descriptive analysis. J Vasc Surg2004; Dec: 40(6): 1166–13
211.
SarinS, ScurrJH, Coleridge SmithPD.Assessment of stripping of the long saphenous vein in the treatment of primary varicose veins. Br J Surg1992; 79: 889–13.
212.
SarinS, ScurrJH, Coleridge SmithPD.Stripping of the long saphenous vein in the treatment of primary varicose veins. Br J Surg1994; 81: 1455–1.
213.
ScaveeV, LesceuO, TheysS, JamartJ, LouagieY, SchoevaerdtsJC.Hook phlebectomy versus transilluminated powered phlebectomy for varicose vein surgery: early results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2003; 25: 473–1.
214.
SchmedtCG, SrokaR, SteckmeierS.Investigation on radiofrequency and laser (980 nm) effects after endoluminal treatment of saphenous vein insufficiency in an ex-vivo model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg2006; 32: 318–15.
ShamiSK, SarinS, CheatleTR.Venous ulcers and the superficial venous system. J Vasc Surg1993; 17: 487–10.
217.
SharifMA, SoongCV, LauLL, CorvanR, LeeB, HannonRJ.Endovenous laser treatment for long saphenous vein incompetence. Br J Surg2006; 93: 831–1.
218.
SimonDA, DixFP, McCollumCN.Management of venous ulcers. Br Med J2004; 328: 1358–12.
219.
SmithJJ, GuestMG, GreenhalghRM, DaviesAH.Measuring the quality of life in patients with venous ulcers. J Vasc Surg2000; 31: 642–1.
220.
SmithSR, GoldmanMP.Tumescent anesthesia in ambulatory phlebectomy. Dermatol Surg1998; 24: 453–1.
221.
SomjenGM, ZiegenbeinR, JohnstonAH, RoyleJP.Anatomical examination of leg telangiectases with duplex scanning. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1993; 19: 940–1.
222.
StaceyMC, Jopp-MckayAG, RashidP, HoskinSE, ThompsonPJ.The influence of dressings on venous ulcer healing - a randomized trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg1997; 13: 174–1.
223.
StibeE, CheatleTR, Coleridge SmithPD.Liposclerotic skin: a diffusion block or perfusion problem?Phlebology1990; 5: 231–1.
224.
StonebridgePA, ChalmersN, BeggsI, BradburyAW, RuckleyCV.Recurrent varicose veins: a varicographic analysis leading to a new practical classification. Br J Surg1995; 82: 60–1.
225.
StrothamG, BlebeaJ, FowlRJ, RosenthalGR.Contralateral duplex scanning for deep venous thrombosis is necessary in patients with symptoms. J Vasc Surg1995; 22: 543–1.
226.
StuartWP, AdamDJ, AllanPL, RuckleyCV, BradburyAW.Saphenous surgery does not correct perforator incompetence in the presence of deep venous reflux. J Vasc Surg1998; 28: 834–1.
227.
SullivanV, DenkPM, SonnadSS, EagletonMJ, WakefieldTW.Ligation versus anticoagulation: treat ment of above-knee superficial thrombophlebitis not involving the deep venous system. J Am Coll Surg2001; 193: 556–12.
TimpermanPE.Arteriovenous fistula after endovenous laser treatment of the short saphenous vein. J Vasc Interv Radiol2004; 15: 625–1.
235.
TimpermanPE.Greater energy delivery improves treatment success of endovenous laser treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. J Vasc Interv Radiol2004; 15: 1061–1.
236.
TimpermanPE.Prospective evaluation of higher energy great saphenous vein endovenous laser treat ment. J Vasc Interv Radiol2005; 16: 791–1.
237.
TooherR, MiddletonP, PhamC.A systematic review of strategies to improve prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospitals. Ann Surg2005; 241: 397–15.
238.
TzilinisA, Salles-CunhaSX, DosickSM, GaleSS, SeiwartAJ, ComerotaAJ.Chronic venous insufficiency due to great saphenous vein incompetence treated with radiofrequency ablation: an effective and safe procedure in the elderly. Vasc Endovascular Surg2005; Jul-Aug: 39(4): 341–1
239.
van BemmelenPS.Does air plethysmography correlate with Duplex scanning in patients with chronic venous insufficiency?1993; 18: 796–107
240.
van BemmelenPS, BedfordG, BeachK, StrandnessDE.Quantitative segmental evaluation of venous valvular reflux with duplex ultrasound scanning. J Vasc Surg1989; 10: 425–11.
241.
VerlatoF, ZucchettaP, PaoloP.An unexpectedly high rate of pulmonary embolism in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the thigh. J Vasc Surg1999; 30: 1113–15.
242.
VinF, AllertFA, LevardonM.Influence of estrogens and progesterone on the venous system of the lower limbs in women. J Dermatol Surg Onc1992; 18: 888–12.
243.
VuylstekeM, Van den BusscheD, AudenaertEA, LissensP.Endovenous laser obliteration for the treatment of primary varicose veins. Phebology2006; 21: 80–1.
244.
WalshJC, BerganJJ, BeemanS.Femoral venous reflux abolished by greater saphenous stripping. Ann Vasc Surg1994; 8: 566–10.
245.
WarkentinTE, GreinacherA.Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention. The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest2004; 126: 311S–37S
246.
WeingartenMS, BranasCC, CzeredarczukM.Distribution and quantitification of venous reflux in lower extremity chronic venous stasis disease with duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg1993; 1: 753–1.
247.
WeissRA.Comparison of endovenous radiofrequency versus 810nm diode laser occlusion of large veins in an animal model. Dermatol Surg2002; 28: 56–11.
248.
WeissRA, DoverJS.Laser surgery of leg veins. Dermatol Clin2002; 20: 19–16.
WeissRA, RameletAA. Varicose veins treated with ambulatory phlebectomy. 2002, Emedicine.com. Retrieved September 25, 2004 from http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic748.htm
251.
WeissR, WeissM.Resolution of pain associated with varicose and telangiectatic leg veins after compression sclerotherapy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1990; 16: 333–1.
252.
WeissRA, WeissMA.Doppler ultrasound findings in reticular veins of the thigh subdermic lateral venous system and implications for sclerotherapy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1993; 19: 947–11.
253.
WeissRA, WeissMA.Controlled radiofrequency endovenous occlusion using a unique radiofrequency catheter under duplex guidance to eliminate saphenous varicose vein reflux: a 2-year follow-up. Dermatol Surg2002; 28: 38–12.
254.
WeissRA, WeissMA.Incidence of side effects in the treatment of telangiectasias by compression sclerotherapy: hypertonic saline vs. polidocanol. J Derm Surg Oncol1990; 16: 9
255.
WelchHI.Endovascular ablation of the great saphenous vein may avert phlebectomy for branch varicose veins. J Vasc Surg2006; Sep: 44(3): 601–1
256.
WidmerLK.Epidemiology and social medical impor tance of diseases of the veins. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr1974; 116: 1421–1. German
257.
ZikorusAW, MirizziMS.Evaluation of setpoint temperature and pullback speed on vein adventitial temperature during endovenous radiofrequency energy delivery in an in-vitro model. Vasc Endovascular Surg2004; 38: 167–14.
258.
ZimmetSE.Leg ulcers. J Am Acad Derm1992; 27: 487–1.
259.
ZimmetSE.Hyaluronidase in the prevention of sclerotherapy-induced extravasation necrosis: a dose-response study. Derm Surg1996; 22: 73–1.
260.
ZimmetSE.The prevention of cutaneous necrosis following extravasation of hypertonic saline and sodium tetradecyl sulfate. J Dermatol Surg Onc1993; 19: 641–1.
261.
ZimmetSE, MinRJ.Temperature changes in perivenous tissue during endovenous laser treatment in a swine model. J Vasc Interv Radiol2003; 14: 911–15.