Abstract
In this paper, various possible sources of protons for protonation of polymer and peptide molecules under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions were studied by using a deuterium labeling method. It was demonstrated that exchangeable protons from either carboxylic acid or hydroxyl groups of the matrix were important, but not essential, for protonation of the analyte. For a nitroanthracene matrix, the non-exchangeable protons from the matrix and the exchangeable protons from the solvent (and possibly from the analyte) were also shown to contribute protons for the formation of protonated molecule-ions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
See for example: (a)
Nelson
R.W.
Dogruel
D.
Williams
P.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 8 , 627 (1994 ); (b)
Beavis
R.C.
Chait
B.T.
, Anal. Chem. 62 , 1836 (1990 ).
2.
Karas
M.
Bahr
U.
Ingendoh
A.
Hillenkamp
F.
, Angew. Chem. Intl Ed. Engl. 28 , 760 (1989 ).
3.
Chan
T-W.D.
Colburn
A.W.
Derrick
P.J.
, Org. Mass Spectrom. 27 , 53 (1992 ).
4.
Stupat
K.
Karas
M.
Hillenkamp
F.
, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 111 , 89 (1991 ).
5.
Beavis
R.C.
Chait
B.T.
, Anal. Chem. 62 , 1836 (1990 ).
6.
Solouki
T.
Marto
J.A.
White
F.M.
Guan
S.
Marshall
A.G.
, Anal. Chem. 67 , 4139 (1995 ).
7.
Nicola
A.J.
Gusev
A.I.
Proctor
A.
Jackson
E.K.
Hercules
D.M.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 9 , 1164 (1995 ).
8.
Yao
J.
Dey
M.
Pastor
S.J.
Wilkins
C.L.
, Anal. Chem. 67 , 3638 (1995 ).
9.
Pieles
U.
Zürcher
W.
Schär
M.
Moser
H.E.
, Nucl. Acids Res. 21 , 3191 (1993 ).
10.
Börnsen
K.O.
Mohr
M.D.
, Anal. Methods Instrum. 2 , 158 (1995 ).
11.
Belu
A.M.
DeSimone
J.M.
Linton
R.W.
Lange
G.W.
Friedman
R.M.
, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 7 , 11 (1996 ).
12.
McEwen
C.N.
Simonsick
W.J.
Jr
Larsen
B.S.
Ute
K.
Hatada
K.
, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 6 , 906 (1995 ).
13.
Lloyd
P.M.
Suddaby
K.G.
Varney
J.E.
Scrivener
E.
Derrick
P.J.
Haddleton
D.M.
, Eur. Mass Spectrom. 1 , 293 (1995 ).
14.
Cottrell
J.S.
Koerner
M.
Gerhards
R.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 9 , 1562 (1995 ).
15.
Beavis
R.C.
Chait
B.T.
, Chem. Phys. Letts 181 , 479 (1991 ).
16.
Colby
S.M.
King
T.B.
Reilly
J.P.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 8 , 865 (1994 ).
17.
Beavis
R.C.
Chaudhary
T.
Chait
B.T.
, Org. Mass Spectrom. 27 , 156 (1992 ).
18.
Beavis
R.C.
Chait
B.T.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 3 , 432 (1989 ).
19.
Strupat
K.
Karas
M.
Hillenkamp
F.
, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 111 , 89 (1991 ).
20.
Beavis
R.C.
, Org. Mass Spectrom. 27 , 653 (1992 ).
21.
Gimon
M.E.
Preston
L.M.
Solouki
T.
White
M.A.
Russell
D.H.
, Org. Mass Spectrom. 27 , 827 (1992 ).
22.
Preston-Schaffer
L.M.
Kinsel
G.R.
Russell
D.H.
, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 5 , 800 (1994 ).
23.
Grigorean
G.
Carey
R.I.
Amster
I.J.
, Eur. Mass Spectrom. 2 , 139 (1996 ).
24.
Braun
C.E.
Cook
C.D.
Merritt
C.
Jr
Rousseau
J.E.
, Organic Syntheses , in the collective Vol. 4 , Ed by
Rabjohn
N.
, John Wiley & Son, Inc. p. 711 (YEAR?).
25.
Juhasz
P.
Costello
C.E.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 7 , 343 (1993 ).
26.
Liu
H.M.D.
Schlunegger
U.P.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10 , 483 (1996 ).
27.
Preston
L.M.
Murray
K.K.
Russell
D.H.
, Biol. Mass Spectrom. 22 , 544 (1993 ).
28.
Nicola
A.J.
Gusev
A.I.
Proctor
A.
Jackson
E.K.
Hercules
D.M.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 9 , 1164 (1995 ).
29.
Dale
M.J.
Knochenmuss
R.
Zenobi
R.
, Anal. Chem. 68 , 3321 (1996 ).
30.
Yu
N.
Huang
Z.H.
Watson
J.T.
Gage
D.A.
, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 8 , 116 (1997 ).
31.
Mohr
M.D.
Bornsen
K.O.
Widmer
H.M.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 9 , 809 (1995 ).
32.
Stahl
B.
Steup
M.
Karas
M.
Hillenkamp
F.
, Anal. Chem. 63 , 1463 (1991 ).
33.
Naven
T.J.P.
Harvey
D.J.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10 , 1361 (1996 ).
34.
Bornsen
K.O.
Mohr
M.D.
, Anal. Methods Instrum. 2 , 158 (1995 ).
35.
Beln
A.M.
DeSimone
J.M.
Linton
R.W.
Lange
G.W.
Friedman
R.M.
, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 7 , 11 (1996 ).
36.
See for examples: (a)
Danis
P.O.
Karr
D.E.
Simonsick
W.J.
Jr
Wu
D.T.
, Macromolecules 28 , 1229 (1995 ); (b)
Danis
P.O.
Karr
D.E.
, Org. Mass Spectrom. 28 , 923 (1993 ).
37.
Guittard
J.
Tessier
M.
Blais
J.C.
Bolbach
G.
Rozes
L.
Marechal
E.
Tabet
J.C.
, J. Mass Spectrom. 31 , 1409 (1996 ).
38.
See for examples: (a)
Bahr
U.
Deppe
A.
Karas
M.
Hillenkamp
F.
, Anal. Chem. 64 , 2866 (1992 ); (b)
Montaudo
G.
Montaudo
M.S.
Puglisi
C.
Samperi
F.
, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 9 , 453 (1995 ).
39.
Jackson
A.T.
Yates
H.T.
MacDonald
W.A.
Scrivens
J.H.
Critchley
G.
Brown
J.
Deery
M.J.
Jennings
K.R.
Brookes
C.
, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 8 , 132 (1997 ).