Aldehydes and ketones in engine exhaust gases are receiving increased attention and are beginning to be subject to special legislation due to their carcinogenic and ozone formation potential. This paper gives an overview of their properties as well as of the basic chemistry and conditions of their formation in internal combustion engines. Extensive research on the effects of engine operation and fuelling parameters is reviewed with specific references to gasoline, diesel, natural gas and methanol fuelled engines. This is accompanied by the review of the studies of the performance of exhaust catalytic converters with respect to aldehydes. Aldehyde detection and measurement methods are summarized and analysed from the point of view of their applicability to exhaust gas analysis.
BrowningL. H.PefleyR. K.An analytical study of aldehyde formation during the exhaust stroke of a methanol-fueled SI engine. 4th Symposium of Alcohol fuels technology, Brazil, 1980.
12.
ScullN.KimC.FosterD. E.Comparison of unburned fuel and aldehyde emissions from a methanol-fuelled stratified charge and homogeneous charge engine. SAE paper 861543, 1986.
13.
KimC.FosterD. E.Aldehyde and unburned fuel emission measurement from a methanol-fuelled Texaco stratified charge engine. SAE paper 852120, 1985.
ShoreP. R.TonkinP. R.HC emissions—a question of quality as well as quantity. Proceedings of Autotech 1991, 1991, paper C427/12/163 (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London).
16.
BurnsV. R.BensonJ. D.HochhanserA. M.KoehlW. J.KreucberW. M.ReuterR. M.Description of auto/oil air quality improvement research program. SAE paper 912320, 1991.
17.
KoehlW. J.BensonJ. D.BurnsV.GorseR. A.HochhauserA. M.ReuterR. M.Effects of gasoline composition and properties on vehicle emissions: a review of prior studies—auto/oil air quality improvement research program. SAE paper 912321, 1991.
18.
ReuterR. M.BensonJ. D.BurnsV. R.GorseR. A.JrHochhauserA. M.KoehlW. J.PainterL. J.RipponB. H.RuterfordJ. A.Effects of oxygenated fuels and RVP on automotive emissions—auto/oil air quality improvement program. SAE paper 920326, 1992.
19.
Warner-SelphM. A.HarveyC. A.Assessment of unregulated emissions from gasoline oxygenated blends. SAE paper 902131, 1990.
20.
WiggE. E.Reactive exhaust emissions from current and future emission control systems. SAE paper 730196, 1973.
21.
SchoonveldG. A.MarshallW. F.The total effect of a reformulated gasoline on vehicle emissions by technology (1973 to 1989). SAE paper 910380, 1991.
22.
BoeckhausK. L.Reformulated gasoline for clean air—an ARCO assessment. 2nd Biennial U.C., Davis Conference on Alternative Fuels, July 1990.
23.
OberdorferP. E.The determination of aldehydes in automobile exhaust gas. SAE paper 670123, 1967.
24.
ShoreP. R.HumphriesD. T.HaddedO.Speciated hydrocarbon emissions from aromatic, olefinic, and paraffinic model fuels. SAE paper 930373, 1993.
25.
RajanS.KaplanS.Combustion, emissions and fuel distribution characteristics of synthetic gasoline in multicylinder engines. SAE paper 861545, 1986.
26.
GabeleP. A.BraddockJ. N.BradowR. L.A characterization of exhaust emissions from lean burn, rotary and stratified charge engines. SAE paper 770301, 1977.
27.
CadleS. H.NebelG. J.WilliamsR. L.Measurement of unregulated emissions from general motors light-duty vehicles. SAE paper 790694, 1979.
28.
LipariF.ColdenF. L.Aldehyde and unburned fuel emissions from developmental methanol-fuelled 2.51 vehicles. SAE paper 872051, 1987.
29.
DietzmannH. E.LeeT. P.Emissions characterization of diesel forklift engines. SAE paper 841396, 1984.
30.
WeidmannK.MenradH.RedersK.HutcbesonR. C.Diesel fuel quality effects on exhaust emissions. SAE paper 881649, 1988.
31.
SchuermannD.LiesK. H.KlingenbergH.Unregulated motor vehicle exhaust gas components. SAE paper 902116, 1990.
32.
DanisA. M.PartridgeP. A.CernanskyN. P.Effect of ceramic monolith particulate filters on diesel exhaust odorant and irritant species. SAE paper 850011, 1985.
33.
LiesK. H.PostulkaA.GringH.Characterization of exhaust emissions from diesel-powered passenger cars with particular reference to unregulated components. SAE paper 840361, 1984.
34.
WeaverC. S.Natural gas vehicles—a review of the state of the art. SAE paper 891233, 1989.
35.
DeluchiM. A.JohnstonR. A.SperlingD.Methanol vs. natural gas vehicles: a comparison of resource supply, performance, emissions, fuel storage, safety, costs, and transitions. SAE paper 881656, 1988.
36.
FlemingR. D.O'NealG. B.Potential for improving the efficiency of a spark ignitioned engine for natural gas fuel. SAE paper 852073, 1985.
37.
McCabeR. W.KingE. T.WatkinsW. L.GandhiH. S.Laboratory and vehicle studies of aldehyde emissions from alcohol fuels. SAE paper 900708, 1990.
38.
NicholsR. J.ClintonE. L.KingE. T.SmithC. S.WinelandR. J.A view of flexible fuel vehicle aldehyde emissions. SAE paper 881200, 1988.
39.
GorseR. A.BensonJ. D.BurnsV. R.HochhauserA. M.KoehlW. J.PainterL. J.ReuterR. M.RipponB. H.RutherfordJ. A.The effects of methanol/gasoline blends on automotive emissions. SAE paper 920327, 1992.
40.
BlackF.Overview of the technical implications of methanol and ethanol as highway motor vehicle fuels. SAE paper 912413, 1991.
41.
HildenD. L.ParksF. B.A single-cylinder engine study of methanol fuel—emphasis on organic emissions. SAE paper 760378, 1976.
42.
MenradH.BernhardtW.DeckerG.Methanol vehicles of Volkswagen—a contribution to better air quality. SAE paper 881196, 1988.
43.
SmithL. R.UrbanC. M.BainesT. M.Unregulated exhaust emissions from methanol-fuelled cars. SAE paper 820967, 1982.
44.
BartunekB.HilgerU.ScheidE.RogersG. W.Influence of the methanol fuel composition on performance and exhaust emissions of diesel-derived alcohol engines. SAE paper 881197, 1988.
45.
KönigA.EllingerK. W.KorbelK.Engine operation on partially dissociated methanol. SAE paper 850573, 1985.
46.
McCallD. M.LalkT. R.DavisonR. R.HarrisW. B.Performance of a spark ignition engine fuelled with dissociated and steam reformed methanol. SAE paper 852106, 1985.
47.
SapreA. R.Properties, performance and emissions of medium concentration methanol–gasoline blends in a single-cylinder, spark-ignited engine. SAE paper 881679, 1988.
48.
TsukasakiY.YasuadaA.ItoS.NohiraH.Study of mileage-related formaldehyde emission from methanol fuelled vehicles. SAE paper 900705, 1990.
49.
CooperB.The future of catalytic systems. Automotive Engng, 1992, 100(4).
50.
LeppardW. R.RappL. A.BurnsV. R.GorseR. A.KnepperJ. C.KoehlW. J.Effects of gasoline composition on vehicle engine-out and tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions—the auto/oil air quality improvement research program. SAE paper 920329, 1992.
51.
NakamuraH.MotoyamaH.KiyotaY.Passenger car engines for the 21st century. SAE paper 911908, 1991.
52.
MetzN.Round robin testing for selected unregulated exhaust emissions. SAE paper 871987, 1987.
53.
MenziesK. T.BeltisK. J.FasanoR. E.Comparison of aldehyde methods. SAE paper 820965, 1982.
54.
MasekV.Zur gemeinsamen Bestimmung von Acrolein und Formaldehyde in der Luft. Gesundheitsingnieur, 1971, 90(8), 245–246.
VDI 386, Blatt 1, Entwurf, Messen aliphatischer Aldehyde (C1 bis C3) nach dem MBTH-Verfahren, 1989 (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure).
57.
NebelG. J.Determination of total aliphatic aldehydes in auto exhaust by a modified MBTH-method. Analytical Chemistry, 1981, 53, 1708–1709.
58.
LipariF.SwarinS. J.Determination of formaldehyde and other aldehydes in automobile exhaust with an improved DNPH method. J. Chromatography, 1982, 247, 297–306.
59.
PerezJ. M.LipariF.SeizingerD. E.Cooperative development of analytical methods for diesel emissions and particulates—solvent extractables, aldehydes and sulphate methods. SAE paper 840413, 1984.
60.
LipariF.SwarinS. J.2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated Florisil sampling cartridges for the determination of formaldehyde in air. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1985, 19, 70–74.
61.
AndinoJ. M.ButlerJ. W.A study of methanol-fuelled vehicle emissions in tedlar bags. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1982, 5, 297–306.
62.
NondekL.RodlerD. R.BirksJ. W.Measurement of sub-ppbv concentration of aldehydes in a forest atmosphere using a new HPLC technique. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1992, 26, 1174–1187.
63.
UllmannL.Aldehydes, aliphatic and araliphatic. Encyclopaedia, Vol. A1, 1990, pp. 347–348 (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim).
64.
HellerB.KlingenbergH.LachG.WincklerJ.Performance of a new system for emission sampling and measurement (SESAM). SAE paper 900275, 1990.
WestH.The on-line characterization of hydrocarbon species in engine exhaust gases using a mass spectrometer, with applications to the reduction of harmful hydrocarbon species by fuel reformation. PhD thesis, The University of Birmingham, April 1993.
69.
LehrleR. S.WestH.WyszynskiM. L.On line mass spectrometric characterisation of hydrocarbons in engine exhaust gases. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part D, 1995, 209(D4), 307–324.
JensenT. E.Advanced emission specification methodologies for the auto/oil air quality improvement research program—1. Hydrocarbons and ethers. SAE paper 920320, 1992.
