The impedance characteristics of cylindrical and sharp-edged hydraulic orifices under non-zero mean flow conditions have been investigated through experimental measurement and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation studies. Based upon these investigations a generic model of the impedance characteristics of orifices has been developed. This model can be adopted in computer simulations of pressure ripple in hydraulic systems. The results of this investigation also provide the basis for modelling more complex hydraulic components.
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