Human Tolerance to Impact—the Basis of Design for Protection

Pike Jeffery Automotive safety; anatomy, injury, testing and regulation, 1990 (Society of American Engineers, Warrendale).

Neihson I. D. Impact and injury in car accidents. Physics in Technol., 1986, 17(2), 62–68.

Lowne R. W. Wall J. G. A procedure for investigating injury tolerance levels for car occupants. Proceedings of Twentieth STAPP Car Crash Conference, SAE paper 760820, 1976, p. 641.

Hobbs C. A. Mills P. J. Injury probability for car occupants in frontal and side impacts. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, report LR 1124, 1984. Road accidents, Great Britain, 1990 (or any other year) (HMSO, London).

Payne P. R. An analog computer which determines human tolerance to acceleration. Impact Acceleration Stress Symposium, 1962, p. 271 (National Academy of Sciences Publication 977, Washington, D.C.).

Report of a Working Group on Biomechanics: EEVC WG4. In Proceedings of Sixth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1976, p. 20 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

The requirements, design and use of EUROSID with proposed performance criteria, EEVC, 1987 (TRRL Crowthorne or BAST, Bergisch-Gladbach).

Report on EUROSID 1989: EEVC. In Proceedings of Twelfth International Technical Conference on ESVs, 1989, pp. 743–752 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

A study of test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection for cars: EEVC WG10. In Proceedings of Twelfth International Technical Conference on ESVs, 1989, pp. 1217–1225 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Biomechanics of impacts in road accidents. Proceedings of Seminar held in Brussels, 21–23 March 1983 (Commission of the European Communities, report EUR 8938 EN, 1984) (many papers of interest).

Wasko R. J. Future enhancements of the Computer Controlled Composite Test Procedure (CC-CTP): MVMA. In Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1991, pp. 646–663 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Walz F. Langweider K. A proposal for a simplified injury scale ‘SAIS 9’ for use in large scale accident studies: HUK Insurers Association. In Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1991, pp. 162–180 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Sturt R. M. V. Walker B. D. Miles J. C. Giles A. Grew N. Modelling the occupant in a vehicle context—an integrated approach: Ove Arup and Rover. In Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1991, pp. 1114–1121 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Weiss M. S. Guccione S. Watkins T. A. Scaling HYBRID 111 and human head kinetic responses to frontal impact: Naval Bio-dynamics Laboratory and University of New Orleans. In Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1991, pp. 887–891 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Lighthall J. W. Melvin J. W. Ueno K. Towards a bio-mechanical criterion for functional brain injury: General Motors Research. In Proceedings of Twelfth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1989, pp. 627–633 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Willinger R. Cesari D. Kopp C. M. Brain tolerance in the frequency field: INRETS and IMFS. In Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1991, pp. 940–947 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Plank G. R. Eppinger R. H. An improved finite element model of the human thorax: Volpe NTS Center and NHTSA. In Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1991, pp. 902–907 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Yoganandan N. Sances A. Pintar F. Reinartz J. Hoffner M. Facial fracture probability secondary to steering wheel impact: University of Wisconsin and NHTSA. In Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1991, pp. 891–901 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Morgan R. M. Eppinger R. H. Marcus J. H. Human cadaver patella–femur–pelvis injury due to dynamic frontal impact to the patella: NHTSA. In Proceedings of Twelfth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1989, pp. 683–698 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.).

Aldman B. Kullgren A. Lie A. Tingvall C. Crash pulse recorder (CPR)—development and evaluation of a low cost device for measuring crash pulse and Delta-V in real life accidents: Folksam and Chalmers. In Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technology Conference on ESVs, 1991, pp. 188–192 (NHTSA, Washington, D.C.)