Abstract
The lecture reviews processes and mechanisms of powder compaction in dies, by cold or hot isostatic pressing, and by various other methods. The review will also include the hot and cold forging of powder preforms. Key problems of the main processes will be discussed, such as mass flow in the powder bed during compaction, which is required to achieve homogeneous density distribution in a part, or the role of powder lubrication.
Applications of powder compaction are described using examples from such areas as the manufacture of sintered machine parts, high-strength automotive parts made by powder forging, the fabrication of mill shapes from powder (e.g., high speed steel or stainless steel tubing), and the production of aircraft engine parts by hot isostatic pressing.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Jones
W. D.
Fundamental principles of powder metallurgy , E. Arnold , London , 1960 , p 242 .
2.
Rochen
A.
J. phys. chim. hist. nat. arts. , 1978 , 37 , 33 .
3.
Smith
C. S.
In Powder metallurgy , by
Wulff
J.
, Am. Soc. Metals , Cleveland, Ohio , 1942 . Ch. 2.
4.
Wollaston
W. H.
Trans. R. Soc. London , 1829 . 119 , 1 .
5.
Sobolevskyi
P.
Ann. Physik Chemie , 1834 , 109 , 99 .
6.
Marshall
W.
Phil. Mag. , 1832 . 11 , 321 .
7.
Osann
G.
Ann. Physik Chemie , 1841 , 128 , 406 .
8.
Gummeson
P. U.
Powder Metall. , 1972 , 15 , 67 .
9.
Gummeson
P. U.
Powder metallurgy for high performance applications . Proc. 18th Sagamore Army Materials Res. Conf., edited by
Burke
J.
Burke
V.
Weiss , Syracuse Univ. Press , 1972 , p 57 .
10.
Tallmadge
J. A.
Powder metallurgy processing—new techniques and analyses . Edited by
Kuhn
H. A.
Lawley
A.
, Academic Press , New York 1978 , p 1 .
11.
Wiberg
M.
Jernkontorets Ann. , 1958 , 142 , 289 .
12.
Lindskog
P. F.
Hulthen
S. I.
Proc. 2nd Europ. Powder Metall. Conf., Stuttgart 1968 , paper 6:17. Also Hoeganaes Iron Powder Information No. PM 68–2.
13.
Klar
E.
Shafer
W. M.
, Ref. 9, p 257 .
14.Standard ASTM B 312–64, ISO 3995–1977.
15.
Jones
W. D.
Principles of powder metallurgy , E. Arnold , London , 1937 .
16.
Bowden
F. P.
Tabor
D.
Friction and lubrication of solids , University Press , Oxford , 1950 .
17.
Holm
R.
Electric contacts—theory and application , 4th Edition , Springer , Berlin , 1967 , p 159 .
18.
Easterling
K. E.
Thölen
A. R.
Acta Metall. , 1972 , 20 , 1001 .
19.
Klar
E.
Shafer
W. M.
Int. J. Powder Metall. , 1969 , 5 , (2 )5 and (4)5.
20.
Klar
E.
Shafer
W. M.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1976 , 9 , 91 .
21.
Sjöberg
G.
Fischmeister
H.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1982 . 14 , 11 .
22.Standards ASTM B 331–64, ISO 3927–1977.
23.
Gutmanas
E.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1980 . 12 , 178 .
24.
Seelig
R. P.
Wulff
J.
Trans. AIME , 1946 , 166 , 492 .
25.
Heckel
R. W.
Trans. AIME , 1961 , 221 , 671 and 1001 .
26.
Donachie
M. J.
Burr
M. F.
J. Metals , 1963 , 15 , 849 .
27.
Kunin
N. F.
Yurchenko
B. D.
Poroshk. Metall. , 1963 , 18 , 3 .
28.
James
P. J.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1972 , 4 , 82 , 145 and 193 .
29.
Duffield
A.
Grootenhuis
P.
Symp. Powder Metall. , Iron Steel Inst. , London , 1954 , p. 96 .
30.
Turba
E.
Proc. Brit. Ceram. Soc. , 1965 , 3 , 101 .
31.
Bockstiegel
G.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1966 , 1 , 155 .
32.
Kakar
A. K.
Chaklader
A. C. D.
J. Appl. Phys. , 1967 , 38 , 3223 .
33.
Kostelnik
M. C.
Kludt
F. H.
Beddow
J. K.
Int. J. Powder Metall. , 1968 , 4 , (4 )19 .
34.
Stuijts
A. L.
Oudemans
G. J.
Proc. Brit. Ceram. Soc. , 1965 , 3 , 81 .
35.
Meerson
G. A.
Poroshk. Metall. , 1963 , 11 , 3 .
36.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Arzt
E.
Olsson
L. R.
Powder Metall. , 1978 , 21 , 179 .
37.
Bockstiegel
G.
Hewing
J.
Arch. Eisenhüttenw. , 1965 , 36 , 751 .
38.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Arzt
E.
Mém. Sci. Rév. Mét. , 1979 , 76 , 573 .
39.
Balshin
M. Yu.
Vest. Metalloprom. , 1938 , 124 .
40.
Kawakita
K.
J. Jap. Soc. Powder Metall. , 1963 , 10 , 71 and 236 .
41.
Brackpool
J. L.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1971 , 5 , 423 .
42.
Shapiro
I.
Kolthoff
M.
J. Phys. Colloid Chem. , 1947 , 51 , 483 .
43.
Konopitzki
K.
Radex Rundschau , 1948 , 7/8 , 141 .
44.
Torre
C.
Berg-u. Hüttenm. Monatsh. , 1948 , 93 , 62 .
45.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Arzt
E.
Powder Metall. , 1982 , 25 (in press).
46.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Karlsson
B.
, Z. Metallk. , 1977 , 68 , 311 .
47.
Arzt
E.
Dissertation, Univ. Vienna 1980 ; also Acta Metall, 1982 (submitted).
48.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Arzt
E.
Proc. VIIth Internat. Powder Metallurgy Conf. , Dresden 1981 , vol. 1 , p 105 .
49.
Shaxby
J. H.
Evans
J. C.
Trans. Faraday Soc. , 1923 , 19 , 60 .
50.
Goetzel
C.
Treatise on powder metallurgy , Interscience , New York , 1949 .
51.
Bocchini
G. F.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall , 1981 , 12 , 263 .
52.
Lenel
F.
Powder metallurgy—principles and applications , Metal Powder Ind. Feder. , Princeton. NJ , 1980 .
53.Powder metallurgy equipment manual , 2nd Ed. , Metal Powder Ind. Feder. , Princeton, NJ , 1977 .
54.
Actis-Dato
V.
Mém Scient. Révue Métall , 1979 , 76 , 617 .
55.
Silbereisen
H.
Planseeber. Pulvermet. , 1959 , 7 , 67 .
56.
Eudier
M.
Mém Scient. Révue Métall , 1979 , 76 , 611 .
57.
De Sablet
P.
Mém Scient. Révue Métall , 1979 , 76 , 624 .
58.
De Sablet
P.
Matériaux et Techniques, extra issue Métallurgie des Poudres , Paris 1975 , p 20 .
59.
Houben
H. G.
Rennertz
H.
Powder Metallurgy Conf. , The Metals Society , Scarborough , 1981 , Paper No. 10.
60.
Accary
A.
Mém Scient. Révue Métall , 1979 , 76 , 637 .
61.
Ward
M.
Powder Metall , 1979 , 22 , 193 , 201 .
62.
Kehl
W.
Bugajska
M.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Ref. 59, Paper No. 7.
63.
Morgan
W. R.
Sands
R. L.
Metall. Rev. , 1969 , 14 , (134 ) 85 .
64.
Huppmann
W. J.
Brown
G. T.
Powder Metall , 1978 , 21 , 105 .
65.
Albano-Müller
L.
Röhlig
R.
Int. J. Powder Metall. 1979 , 15 , 3 , 191 .
66.
Garrott
R. E.
Thellmann
E. L.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. 1977 , 11 , 63 .
67.
Petersson
O.
Kvennefors
P.
Cylinder liners made by the PM technique . SAE Intern. Congress, Dctroit, USA, 1981 .
68.
Mocarski
S.
Eloff
P. C.
Int. J. Powder Metall , 1971 , 7 , (2 ) 15 .
69.
Jackson
H. C.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall , 1966 , 1 , 188 .
70.
Hinch
G. R.
Rowe
C. E. D.
Ref. 59, Paper No. 12.
71.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1978 , 10 , 119 .
72.
Hanes
H. D.
Seifert
D. A.
Watts
C. R.
Hot isostatic processing , Metals and Ceramics Information Center , Columbus, Ohio , 1977 .
73.
Zander
K.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1970 , 2 , 129 .
74.
Arzt
E.
Ashby
M. F.
Easterling
K.
Cambridge Univ. Eng. Dept. report. CUED/C/MATS TR 88, Oct. 1981 (submitted).
75.
Amberg
S.
Nylander
E. A.
Uhrenius
B.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1974 , 6 , 178 .
76.
Lardner
E.
Powder Metall. , 1975 , 18 , 47 .
77.
Lardner
E.
Bettle
D. J.
Metals and Materials , 1973 , 7 , 540 .
78.
Track
W.
Betz
W.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1981 , 14 , 15 .
79.
Tracey
V. A.
Cutler
C. P.
Powder Metall. , 1981 , 24 , 32 .
80.
Dahlen
M.
Ingesten
N. G.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall , 1981 , 14 , 3 .
81.
Gessinger
G. H.
Bomford
M. H.
Int. Metall. Revs. , 1974 , 19 , (181 ) 51 .
82.
Fischmeister
H.
Straube
H.
In High temperature alloys for gas turbines 1978 , edited by
Coutsouradis
Felix
Fischmeister
Habraken
Lindblom
Speidel
, Appl. Science Publ. , Barking , 1978 , p 769 .
83.
Wahlster
M.
Stephan
H.
Ruthardt
R.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1980 , 12 . 173 .
84.
Wildgoose
P.
Turner
N. G.
Davies
H. F.
Helliwell
B. J.
Ubank
R.
Harrison
H.
Powder Metall. , 1981 , 24 , 75 .
85.
Larker
H. T.
Proc. NATO Seminar Nitrogen Ceramics. edited by
Riley
F.
, in press, Noordhoff-Sijthoff.
86.
Hellman
P.
Larker
H.
Pfeffer
J. B.
Strömblad
I.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1971 , 4 , 573 .
87.
Dulis
E. J.
Neumeyer
J. A.
Materials for Metal Cutting , Iron and Steel Inst. , 1970 , 126 , 112 .
88.
Takigawa
H.
Manto
H.
Kawai
N.
Homma
K.
Powder Metall. , 1981 , 24 , 196 .
89.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Ann. Rev. Matls Sci. , 1975 , 5 , 151 .
90.
Hellman
P.
Werkstatt und Betrieb , 1976 , 109 , 523 .
91.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Olsson
L. R.
Cutting tool materials , Int. Conf. ASM-CIRP, Cincinnati, ASM, Metals Park, Ohio 1981 , p 111 .
92.
Haberling
E.
Stahl u. Eisen , 1975 , 95 , 454 .
93.
Dunkley
J. J.
Causton
R. J.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1978 , 8 , 115 .
94.
Olsson
L. R.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Powder Metall. , 1978 , 21 , 13 .
95.
åslund
C.
PM 78-SEMP, Proc. 5th Europ. Symp. Powder Metall., Jernkontoret, Stockholm , 1978 , vol. I , p 278 .
96.
Olsson
L. R.
Lampe
V.
Fischmeister
H. F.
Powder Metall. , 1974 , 17 , 347 .
97.
Göransson
M.
Larsson
H. F.
Hede
A.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1981 , 13 , 307 .
98.
Johannison
T. G.
Larsson
H. G.
Westman
E.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1981 , 12 , 131 .
99.
Brooks
R. G.
Moore
C
Leatham
A. G.
Coombs
J. S.
Powder Metall. , 1977 , 20 , 100 .
100.
Rickinson
B. A.
Kirk
F. A.
Davies
D. R. G.
Powder Metall. , 1981 , 24 , 1 .
101.
Singer
A. R. E.
Private communication, also Brit. Pat. 1.517.283, 1974 .
102.
Huppmann
W. J.
Hirschvogel
M.
Int. Metall. Revs. , 23 , 209 .
103.
Kuhn
H. A.
In Powder metallurgy processing , edited by
Kuhn
H. A.
Lawley
A.
, Academic Press , New York , 1978 , p 99.
104.
Sjöberg
G.
Fischmeister
H.
Powder Metall. , 1981 , 24 , 12 .
105.
Sjöberg
G.
Fischmeister
H.
Powder Metall. , 1981 , 24 , 18 .
106.
Kuhn
H. A.
Pillay
S.
Chung
H.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1981 , 12 , 643 .
107.
Lindskog
P.
Grek
S. E.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1974 , 7 , 285 .
108.
Brown
G. T.
Steed
J. A.
Powder Metall. , 1974 , 17 , 157 .
109.
Bockstiegel
G.
Industrie-Anzeiger , 1978 , 1 , 100 , 41 .
110.
Evans
P. E.
Metals and Materials , 1968 , 2 , 235 .
111.
Dougherty
T. S.
J. Metals , 1964 . 16 , 827 .
112.
Sturgeon
G. M.
King
K. J.
Ref. 59, Paper No. 4.
113.
Zecca
A. R.
Dieter
G. E.
Thibodeau
R. D.
In Powder metallurgy processing—new techniques and analyses , edited
Kuhn
H. A.
Lawley
A.
, Academic Press , New York , 1978 , p 173 .
114.
Singer
A. R. E.
Powder Metall. , 1980 , 23 , 172 .
115.
Sahm
P. R.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1971 , 3 , 1 .
116.
Mironov
V.
Planseeber. Pulvermet. , 1976 , 24 , 175 .
117.
Gorobtsov
V. G.
Roman
O. V.
Int. J. Powder Metall. , 1975 , 11 , 1 , 55 .
118.
Roman
O. V.
Gorobtsov
V. G.
Tarasov
G. D.
Shelegov
V. J.
Mod. Develop. Powder Metall. , 1981 , 12 , 293 .
119.
Pruemmer
R. A.
Ziegler
G.
Powder Metall. Int. , 1977 , 9 , 11 .
120.
Hagemeyer
J. W.
Regalbuto
J. A.
Int. J. Powder Metall. , 1968 , 4 , (3 ) 19 .
121.
Hambraeus
G.
IVA Communication 239, Stockholm 1981 , p 15 .