This paper shows firstly how the choice of base stock reduces apex-seal wear. Results emphasize the influence of volatility, and particularly of the quantity and viscosity of the residue after heating.
The second part (section 3) concerns pre-ignition. Testing was difficult, but a connection was found between the ash content of the oil and severity of pre-ignition. Testing of anti-wear formulations for pre-ignition was found to be necessary.
The third part (section 4) is devoted to engine smoothness, which must not be confused with pre-ignition. Spark plugs and mixture strengths are the most important factors, fuel probably having only a secondary effect.
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