Compression tests are described to determine the flow stresses of steel of specifications: En 1A, En 8, En 26, En 30B, En 58 and 6:5:2 and 18:4:1 high-speed steels, which are presented for use in the analysis of metal working operations. Testing temperatures of 600°C, 800°C, 1000°C and 1200°C were employed and using each of two high-speed hammers and a mechanical press, strain-rates ranging from approximately 12/s to 2500/s were obtained.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ColeB. N.DaviesR.AustinE. R.BakhtarF.‘High-speed impact extrusion of metals’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs1965–66180 (Pt 1), 191–216.
2.
AustinE. R.DaviesR.BakhtarF.‘High-speed impact forming of metals’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs1967–68182 (Pt 1), 175–202.
NadaiA.ManjoineM. J.‘High-speed tension tests at elevated temperatures—Parts II and IIP, J. appl. Mech.19418, A77–A91.
14.
CookP. M.‘True stress-strain curves for steel in compression at high temperatures and strain-rates for application to the calculation of load and torque in hot rolling’, Proc. Conf. on the Properties of Materials at High Rates of Strain1957, 86–97 (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London).
15.
BarayaG. L.JohnsonW.SlaterR. A. C.‘The dynamic compression of circular cylinders of super pure aluminium at elevated temperatures’, Int. J. mech. Sci.19657, 621–45.
16.
SamantaS. K.‘Resistance to dynamic compression of low-carbon steel and alloy steels at elevated temperatures and at high strain-rates’, Int. J. mech. Sci.196810, 613–36.
17.
SuzukiH.HashizumeS.YabukiY.IchiharaY.NakajimaS.KenmochiK.‘Studies on the flow stress of metals and alloys’, Rep. Inst. Ind. Sci. Tokvo196818 (No. 3).
18.
ChanL. T.BakhtarF.TobiasS. A.‘A survey of the development of the Petro-Forge system’, C.I.R.P. Conf., Ann Arbor1967.
19.
SturgessC. E. N.DeanT. A.‘Dynamic effects in high velocity compression testing’, Proc. 13th M.T.D.R. Conf.1972.
20.
VinycombeR. K.MartyrF. E.‘Design of capacitance displacement transducers’, Instrument Practice195610, 437–9.
21.
MaleA. T.CockroftM. G.‘A method for the determination of the coefficient of friction under conditions of bulk plastic deformation’, J. Inst. Metals1964–6593, 38.
22.
PughH. Ll. D.WatkinsM. T.‘Some strain-rate effects in drop forging tests’, Proc. Conf. on the Properties of Materials at High Rates of Strain1957, 122–7 (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London).
23.
SturgessC. E. N.BramleyA. N.‘The use of impact forming devices to obtain dynamic stress-strain data’, Proc. 11th M.T.D.R. Conf.1970, 803–26.
24.
HawkyardJ. B.JohnsonW.‘An analysis of the changes in geometry of a short hollow cylinder during axial compression’, Int. J. mech. Sci.19679, 163.
25.
SheikhA. D.DeanT. A.TobiasS. A.DasM. K.‘The effect of impact speed and lubricant in hot forging. Part 1. Interface friction and die cavity pressure’, Proc. 13th M.T.D.R. Conf.1972.
26.
SchroederW.WebsterD. A.‘Press forging thin sections, effect of friction area and thickness on pressures required’, J. appl. Mech.194916, 289.
27.
JainS. C.BramleyA. N.‘Speed and frictional effects in hot forging’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs1967–68182 (Pt 11, 783–98.
28.
WallaceP. W.ScheyJ. A.‘Speed effects in forging lubrication’, J. Lubric. Engng, Trans. Am. Soc. mech. Engrs197193, 317–323.
29.
idem. ‘Metal flow in forging: A practical study’, Proc. 8th M.T.D.R. Conf.1967, 1361–80.
30.
AlderJ. F.PhillipsK. A.‘The effect of strain rate and temperature on the resistance of aluminium, copper and steel to compression’, J. Inst. Metals195483, 80–6.
31.
MacGregorC. W.FisherJ. C.‘A velocity modified temperature for plastic flow of metals’, J. appl. Mech., Trans. Am. Soc. mech. Engrs194668, A11–A16.
32.
InouyeK.‘Studies on the hot-working strength of steels’, Tetsu-to-Hagané195541, 593–602 (in Japanese).
33.
BellJ. F.The physics of large deformation of crystalline solids1968 (Springer-Verlag, Inc., New York).
34.
SlaterR. A. C.AkuS. Y.JohnsonW.‘Strain rate and temperature effects during the fast upsetting of short circular cylinders of 0·55% plain carbon steel at elevated temperatures’, Annls Coll. int. Etude scient. Tech. Prod. méc.197119, 513–27.
35.
JohnsonW.SlaterR. A. C.‘The dynamic blanking, forging, indenting and upsetting of hot metals’, Proc. int. Union, theoret. appl. Mech. Symp. Thermoinelasticity, 1968 1970 120–155 (Springer-Verlag, Vienna).