Although many years of research have gone into the present knowledge of the forming and shaping of metals, most of our capability of making components in ferrous materials goes back to the days of craft and skill. The major expenditure on fundamental studies in metal working has been effective only in refining existing processes rather than leading to new ways of manufacture.
A better understanding of the relationship of material properties to stress and deformation modes has had some influence on process developments. Much more is owed to developments in the size of plant units, economic, production engineering, marketing and managerial factors.
The more recent developments and trends in secondary manufacturing processes are reviewed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
RankineW. J. M.Applied mechanics, 1st ed., 1858 (London, Griffin and Co.).
2.
ThomasJ.The Tay Bridge disaster: new light on the 1879 tragedy, 1st ed., 1972 (Newton Abbot, David and Charles).
3.
‘Historic accidents and disasters’, The Engineer1941172, 18, 34.
4.
Report of the Commissioners appointed to enquire into the application of iron to railway structures, 1849356–359 (London, Clowes & Sons).
5.
DerryT. K.WilliamsT. I.A short history of technology, 1960 (Oxford University Press).
6.
PearsonC. E.The extrusion of metals, revised edition, 1953 and 1960. PearsonC. E.ParkinsR. N. (London, Chapman and Hall).
7.
RobertsonJ. British Patent Specification No. 19 356 1893. ‘Improvements in the manufacture of metal tubes, tubular and hollow articles, plates, rods, wires and the like, and in means and apparatus therefor’ (London).
8.
WhiteheadL. D.‘The continuous rolling mill’, Proc. Staffs. Iron and Steel Inst.1924–2540, 33.
9.
TodhunterI.PearsonK.A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials, 1886 (Cambridge University Press).
10.
von KármánT.‘On the theory of rolling’, Z. angew. Math. Mech.19255, 139.
11.
SachsG.‘A contribution to the theory of wire drawing’, Z. angew. Math. Mech.19277, 235–236.
12.
JohnsonW.KudoH.The mechanics of metal extrusion1962 (Manchester, The University Press).
13.
OrowanE.‘The calculation of roll pressure in hot and cold flat rolling’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs1943150, 140.
14.
FordH.‘Researches into the deformation of metals by cold rolling’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs1948159, 115; and Watts, A. B. and Ford, H. ‘Basic yield stress curve for a metal', Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1955 169, 1141.
15.
HillR.The mathematical theory of plasticity1950 (Oxford, Clarendon Press).
16.
MarçalP. V.KingI. P.‘Elastic-plastic analysis of two-dimensional stress systems by the finite element method’, Int. J. mech. Sci.19679, 143–155.
17.
AlexanderJ. M.GunasekaraJ. S.‘On the geometrically similar expansion of a hole in a thin, infinite plate’, Proc. R. Soc.1972A326, 361–373.
18.
AldertonG. W.HessenbergW. C. F.‘The continuous measurement and control of gauge in strip rolling’, Metall. Rev.19561, 239.
ManningW. R. D.‘The overstrain of tubes by internal pressure’, Engineering1945159, 101, 183.
21.
RothR. N.OxleyP. L. B.‘Slip-line field analysis for orthogonal machining based upon experimental flow fields’, J. mech. Engng Sci.197214 (2), 85.
22.
ChangS. S.HeginbothamW. B.‘Comparisons between the shearing properties of alpha brass as derived from the cutting process and from static and impact torsion tests’, Trans. A.S.M.E.196082, 315.
23.
Proc. Third Int. Conf. of the Centre for High Energy Forming 1971 (University of Denver).
24.
CrawleyJ.WillsG.Production forging by high energy rate in. Advances in machine tool design and research, eds. TobiasS. A.KoenigsbergerF.1967, vol. 5 (Oxford and London, Pergamon).
25.
HoffmannW. E.‘Fine blanking. (They're doing it all over Europe.)’, Tooling Prod.197237, 47.
26.
JohnsonW.HawkyardJ. B.‘Recent developments in metal forming’, Prod. Engr197150, 239.
27.
CullW.‘Some practical aspects of the sinter forging process’, Metall. Metal Forming197239, 123.
BeresnevB. I.VereschaginL. P.RiabininY. N.LivshitsL. D.‘Some problems of large plastic deformation of metals at high pressures’, 1963 (London and Oxford, Pergamon Press).
37.
PughH.LlD.‘Recent developments in cold forming’, 1965Bulleid Memorial Lectures, IIIB (University of Nottingham).
38.
AlexanderJ. M.LengyelB.‘Hydrostatic extrusion’, 1971 (London, Mills and Boon Ltd., TL/ME/1).
39.
WoodD. E.‘Cold forming machines for extra large parts’, Metall. Metal Forming197239, 164.
40.
‘Economics of cold forging—cold forging survey’, Metall. Metal Forming197239, 21.
41.
VersonM. H.‘The Ford Sandusky project’, Sh. Metals Inds.196643 (Jan.), 31.
42.
PickH. J.‘Some economic consequences of technical decisions’, Mat. Sci. and Engng197210 (6), 301.
43.
KnightW. A.‘Group technology in forging and stamping’, Metall. Metal Forming197138, 245.
