Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The present state of knowledge of methods of hardening and of strengthening materials and the use of hard materials for tribological applications is summarized. The essential properties of materials for various types of mechanisms such as rolling bearings, gears, cams, etc. are reviewed. Mechanisms of failure and controlling factors are discussed.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

‘New engineering materials’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1965–66 180 (Pt 33).

Semchyshen

Harwood

J. J.

(eds) Refractory metals and alloys 1960 (Interscience Publishers Inc., London).

Woldman

N. E.

Engineering alloys 1962 (Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York; Chapman and Hall, London).

Kelly

P. M.

Nutting

‘Strengthening mechanisms in steel’, I.S.I. Special Report 76: High strength steels 1962, 7 (Iron and Steel Institute, London).

Morrogh

‘Cast iron as an engineering material’, Engineering Materials and Design Conference 1960, T1 (Engineering Materials and Design, London).

Smith

A. I.

Scott

‘The technical basis of steel specifications’, I.S.I. Special Report 88: National steel specifications 1966, 18 (Iron and Steel Institute, London).

Institution of Metallurgists Behaviour of metals at elevated temperatures 1956 (Iliffe and Sons Ltd, London).

Koenig

J. H.

Smoke

E. J.

‘Characteristic properties of modern ceramics’, in Modern materials ( Hausner

H. H.

, ed.), 1958 1, 243 (Academic Press, London).

Duckworth

W. E.

‘Progress in the metallurgical properties and applications of steel’, Engrs’ Dig., Lond. Silver Jubilee Issue 1965.

10.

Brandon

Nutting

‘Dislocations in α iron’, J. Iron Steel Inst. 1960 196, 160.

11.

Honeycombe

R. W. K.

‘Some strengthening mechanisms in alloy steels’, I.S.I. Special Report 86: Metallurgical developments in high alloy steels 1964, 1.

12.

Armstrong

Phil. Mag. 1962 7 (73), 45.

13.

Kelly

Nicholson

R. B.

‘Precipitation hardening’, Prog. Mater. Sci. 1963 10 (3).

14.

Zackay

V. F.

Justussan

M. V.

‘The properties of martensitic steels formed from strain-hardened austenite’, I.S.I. Special Report 76, 1962, 14 (Iron and Steel Institute, London).

15.

Duckworth

W. E.

Leak

D. A.

Phillips

‘Ductility in high strength steels, its achievement and importance’, I.S.I. Special Report 76, 1962, 22 (Iron and Steel Institute, London).

16.

Zackay

V. F.

Parker

E. R.

‘Some fundamental considerations in design of high strength metallic materials’, in High strength materials ( Zackay

V. F.

, ed.) 1965, 130 (J. Wiley and Sons, London).

17.

Thomas

Schmatz

Gerberich

‘Structure and strength of some ausformed steels’, in High strength materials ( Zackay

V. F.

, ed.) 1965, 251 (J. Wiley and Sons, London).

18.

Duckworth

W. E.

Taylor

P. R.

‘Ausforming of high alloy steels’, I.S.I. Special Report 86, 1964 (Iron and Steel Institute, London).

19.

Justussan

W. M.

‘Half million psi steels by ausforming’, Material in Design 1964 (May), 92.

20.

Duckworth

W. E.

‘The strengthening of steel—II: Maraging steels’, Iron Steel, Lond. 1964 (Oct.).

21.

Steven

‘Maraging steels’, I.S.I. Special Report 86: Metallurgical developments in high alloy steels 1964, 115.

22.

Tsukerman

S. A.

Powder metallurgy 1965 (Pergamon Press, London).

23.

Dorok

B. A.

(ed.) Researches in powder metallurgy 1966 (Consultants Bureau, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York).

24.

Graham

Electro-plating engineer's handbook 1962 (Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York; Chapman and Hall, London).

25.

Ault

N. N.

Wheilden

W. M.

‘Modern flame-sprayed ceramic coatings’, in Modern materials 1960 2, 63.

26.

Kelly

Davies

G. J.

‘The principles of fibre reinforcement of metals’, Metall. Rev. 1965 10 (37), 1 (Institute of Metals, London).

27.

Kelly

Fibre reinforcement of metals—A critical review 1965 (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London).

28.

Cratchley

‘Experimental aspects of fibre reinforced metals’, Metall. Rev. 1965 10 (37), 79 (Institute of Metals, London).

29.

Thomas

A. G.

Huffadine

J. A.

Moore

N. C.

‘Preparation, properties and application of metal–ceramic mixtures’, Metall. Rev. 1963 8 (32), 461 (Institute of Metals, London).

30.

Carol-Poriznski

C. Z.

Advanced materials 1962 (Astex Publishing Corporation, Guildford, Surrey).

31.

Harman

C. G.

‘Non-glassy inorganic fibres and composites’, N.A.S.A. SP-5055, 1966 (Aug.).

32.

Morley

J. G.

‘Strong fibres and fibre reinforced metals’, Proc. Roy. Soc., A 1964 282 (1388), 43.

33.

McDanels

D. J.

Jech

R. W.

Weeton

J. W.

‘Metals reinforced with fibres’, Metal Prog. 1960 78 (6), 118.

34.

Tinkelpaugh

J. R.

Crandall

W. B.

(eds.) Cermets 1960 (Chapman and Hall, London).

35.

Block

E. A.

‘Dispersion strengthened aluminium alloys’, Metall. Rev. 1961 6 (22), 193 (Institute of Metals, London).

36.

Hausen

Lilholt

‘Bibliography on dispersion strengthened materials’, Risö Report No. 48 (Roskilde, Denmark) 1962 (Danish Atomic Energy Commission).

37.

Cratchley

Baker

A. A.

Metallurgia 1964 (Apr.), 153.

38.

Sutton

W. H.

Chorne

Metals Engng Quart. 1963 3.

39.

Cottrell

A. H.

‘Strong solids’, Proc. Roy. Soc., A 1964 282 (1388), 2.

40.

Love

R. W.

Esty

C. C.

Wheildon

W. M.

‘High temperature materials and coatings for the aerospace industry’, in Materials science research ( Otte

H. M.

Locke

S. R.

, eds.) 1965 2, 211 (Plenum Press, New York).

41.

Gill

R. M.

Spence

‘Wear resistant ceramics’, New Scientist 1962 14 (291), 574.

42.

Anders

J. F.

Alexander

G. B.

Wartel

W. S.

‘A dispersion strengthened nickel alloy’, Metal Prog. 1962 82 (6), 88.

43.

Burls

(ed.). Diamond abrasives and tools 1964 (Pergamon Press, London).

44.

Brunton

J. H.

‘Diamonds as an engineering material’, Chart. mech. Engr 1966 13 (1), 2 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

45.

Ford

C. E.

Bushong

R. M.

Strout

R. D.

‘The new graphites’, Metal Prog. 1962 82 (6), 101.

46.

Forrester

P. G.

‘Bearing metals’, Metall. Rev. 1960 5 (20), 508 (Institute of Metals, London).

47.

Forrester

P. G.

‘Soft-metal bearings’, Paper 22 of this Conference.

48.

Forrester

P. G.

‘Materials for plain bearings’, in Modern materials 1964 4, 174 (Academic Press, London).

49.

Goodzeit

C. L.

‘Compatibility of metals in bearing contact’, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs Paper 58-MD-9, 1958.

50.

Bowden

F. P.

Tabor

The friction and lubrication of solids Pt I, 1950 (Clarendon Press, Oxford).

51.

Dawson

P. H.

Fidler

‘The behaviour of chromium steel in large high speed bearings’, A.E.I. Engng Rev. 1962 2 (2).

52.

Dawson

P. H.

Fidler

Rowley

‘Wire-wool type failures in 3 per cent chromium–½ per cent molybdenum steel journals—a preliminary evaluation of some palliatives’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1964–65 179 (Pt 3J), 27.

53.

Dawson

P. H.

Fidler

‘Wire-wool type bearing failures: the formation of the wire wool’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1965–66 180 (Pt 1, No. 21), 522.

54.

Barwell

F. T.

Scott

‘The investigation of unusual bearing failures’, Proc. Fourth Lubrication and Wear Convention (Holland) 1966 (May), Paper 10 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

55.

Amateau

M. F.

Nicholson

D. W.

Glaeser

W. A.

‘Survey of materials for high temperature bearings and sliding applications’, O.T.S. PB 171625, 1961.

56.

Proc. Intern. Conference on Gearing 1958 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

57.

Fletcher

H. A. G.

Collier

‘Endurance tests on En 8-En 9 gears with hobbed and shaved finishes’, N.E.L. Report No. 223, 1966 (National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, Glasgow).

58.

Dawson

P. H.

‘The effect of metallic contact and sliding on the shape of the S-N curve for pitting fatigue’, Proc. Fatigue in Rolling Contact 1963, Paper 4, 41 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

59.

Dawson

P. H.

‘Effect of metallic contact on the pitting of lubricated rolling surfaces’, J. mech. Engng Sci. 1962 4, 16.

60.

Mattson

R. L.

Roberts

J. G.

Internal stresses and fatigue of metals 1959 (Elsevier Press, London).

61.

Kirk

Nelms

P. R.

Arnold

‘Residual stresses and fatigue life of case-carburized gears’, Metallurgia 1966 74 (446), 225.

62.

Chesters

W. T.

‘The effect of material combination on resistance to surface fatigue’, Proc. Symposium on Fatigue in Rolling Contact 1964, 86 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

63.

Waterhouse

R. B.

‘Formation, structure and wear properties of certain non-metallic coatings on metals’, Wear 1965 (Nov.–Dec).

64.

Prenosial

‘The relationship between retained austenite and the fatigue strength of carbo-nitrided components’, International Conference on Heat Treatment (Bremen) 1966 (Soc. Française de Métallurgie and Inst. fur Hütten Technik).

65.

Razin

‘The influence of the edge structure of case hardened gears on the tendency to pitting’, International Conference on Heat Treatment (Bremen) 1966 (Soc. Française de Métallurgie and Inst. fur Hütten Technik).

66.

Anon. ‘Process upgrades carbon steel’, Steel 1966 (Nov. 7), 25.

67.

Scott

‘The effect of material properties, lubricant and environment on rolling contact fatigue’, Proc. Symposium on Fatigue in Rolling Contact 1964, 103 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

68.

Bisson

E. E.

Anderson

W. J.

‘Advanced bearing technology’, N.A.S.A. SP-38, 1964 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.).

69.

Bidwell

J. B.

(ed.). Rolling contact phenomena 1962 (Elsevier Press, London).

70.

Scott

Blackwell

‘Study of the effect of material and hardness combination in rolling contact’, Proc. Fourth Lubrication and Wear Convention (Holland) 1966 (May), Paper 4 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

71.

Zaretsky

E. V.

Parker

R. J.

Anderson

W. J.

‘Effect of component differential hardness on rolling contact fatigue and load capacity’, N.A.S.A. tech. Note D-2640, 1965 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.).

72.

Zaretsky

E. V.

‘Effect of component differential hardness on residual stress and rolling contact fatigue’, N.A.S.A. tech. Note D-2664 1965 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.).

73.

Styri

‘Fatigue strength of ball bearing races and heat treated 52100 steel specimens’, Proc. Am. Soc. Test. Mater. 1951 51, 682.

74.

Frith

P. H.

‘Fatigue tests on rolled alloy steels made in electric and open hearth furnaces’, I.S.I. Special Report No. 50, 1954 (Iron and Steel Institute, London).

75.

Carter

T. L.

Zaretsky

E. V.

Anderson

W. J.

‘Effect of hardness and other mechanical properties on rolling contact fatigue life of four-high temperature bearing steels’, N.A.S.A. tech. Note D-270, 1960 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.).

76.

Mikus

E. B.

‘The dimensional stability of a precision ball bearing material’, Trans. Am. Soc. Metals 1960 52, 307.

77.

Frankel

H. E.

Bennett

J. A.

Pennington

W. A.

‘Fatigue properties of high strength steels’, Trans. Am. Soc. Metals 1960 52, 257.

78.

Castleman

L. S.

Averbach

B. L.

Cohen

‘Effect of retained austenite upon mechanical properties’, Trans. Am. Soc. Metals 1952 44, 240.

79.

Averbach

B. L.

Lorns

S. G.

Cohen

‘Stress induced transformation of retained austenite in hardened steel’, Trans. Am. Soc. Metals 1952 44, 746.

80.

Scott

R. L.

Kepple

R. K.

Miller

M. H.

‘The effect of processing—Induced near surface residual stress on ball bearing fatigue’, in Rolling contact phenomena ( Bid-Well

J. B.

, ed.) 1962, 301 (Elsevier Press, London).

81.

Helbig

‘The pitting of rolled surfaces’ (German), WerkstTech. und MaschBau 1949 39 (4), 111.

82.

Way

‘Pitting due to rolling contact’, J. appl. Mech. 1935 2 (3), A110.

83.

Carter

T. C.

‘Effect of fibre orientation in races and balls under rolling contact fatigue conditions’, N.A.S.A. tech. Note 4216, 1958 (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Washington, D.C.).

84.

Scott

Blackwell

‘The effect of the steel-making process on rolling contact fatigue’, Proc. Second Lubrication and Wear Convention 1964 178 (Pt 3N), 81 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

85.

Norton

C. E.

Baker

P. J.

‘The effect of new materials and processing developments on ball bearing fatigue life’, S.A.E. Automotive Engineering Congress, (Detroit) 1964, Preprint 779B.

86.

Husted

T. E.

‘Consideration of cylindrical roller bearing load rating formula’, S.A.E. Paper 569A, 1962 (Society of Automotive Engineers, New York).

87.

Morrison

T. W.

Walp

H. O.

Remorenko

R. P.

‘Materials in rolling element bearings for normal and elevated (450°F) temperatures’, Trans. Am. Soc. lubric. Engrs 1959 2 (1), 129.

88.

Johnson

R. F.

Sewell

J. F.

‘The bearing properties of 1% C–Cr steel as influenced by steel-making practice’, J. Iron Steel Inst. 1960 196, 414.

89.

Murray

J. D.

Johnson

R. F.

‘The effect of inclusions on the properties of 1% C–Cr bearing steels’, I.S.I. Special Report No. 77: Clean steels 1963, 110 (Iron and Steel Institute, London).

90.

Uhrees

L. D.

‘Through hardening steels for ball bearings—Effect of inclusions on endurance’, I.S.I. Special Report No. 77: Clean steels 1963, 104 (Iron and Steel Institute, London).

91.

Morrison

T. W.

‘The effect of trace-element content and multiple vacuum melting on the fatigue life of ball bearings made from A.I.S.I. 52100 steel’, Proc. Symposium on Fatigue in Rolling Contact 1963, Paper 7, 78 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

92.

Barwell

F. T.

Scott

‘The effect of lubricant on the pitting failure of balls’, Engineering, Lond. 1956 182, 9.

93.

Scott

‘Study of the effect of lubricant on the pitting failure of balls’, Proc. Intern. Conference on Lubrication and Wear 1957, Paper 58, 463 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

94.

Scott

Blackwell

‘Study of the effects of some elevated temperature lubricants on materials for rolling elements’, Proc. Fifth Lubrication and Wear Convention (Plymouth) 1967 (May), Paper 7 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

95.

Cordiano

H. V.

Cochran

E. P.

Wolf

R. J.

‘A study of combustion resistant hydraulic fluids as ball bearing lubricants’, Lubric. Engng 1956 12 (4), 261.

96.

Anderson

W. J.

Carter

T. L.

‘Effect of lubricant viscosity and type on ball fatigue life’, Trans. Am. Soc. lubric. Engrs 1958 1 (2), 266.

97.

Rounds

F. G.

‘Effects of base oil viscosity and type on bearing ball fatigue’, Am. Soc. Lubric. Engrs, Preprint 61-LC-13, 1961.

98.

Scott

Blackwell

‘The lubrication of rolling contacts at elevated temperatures’, Proc. Industrial Lubrication Symposium 1965, 53 (Scientific Publications (GB) Ltd, Broseley, Shropshire).

99.

Scott

Jamieson

D. T.

‘Molybdenum disulphide as lubricant additive in rolling contact—a study of compatibility with other additives’, J. Inst. Petrol. 1962 48 (460), 91.

100.

Grunberg

Scott

‘The acceleration of pitting failure by water in the lubricant’, J. Inst. Petrol. 1958 44 (419), 406.

101.

Grunberg

Scott

‘The effect of additives on the water induced pitting of ball bearings’, J. Inst. Petrol. 1960 46 (440), 259.

102.

Scott

‘Further data on the effect of additives on the water induced pitting of ball bearings’, J. Inst. Petrol. 1962 48 (457), 69.

103.

Grunberg

Jamieson

D. T.

Scott

‘Hydrogen penetration in water accelerated surface failure’, Phil. Mag. 1963 8 (93), 1553.

104.

Scott

H. M.

‘The application of electron microscopy to the study of pitting failure of rolling bearings’, Proc. European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy (Delft) 1, 539.

105.

Hoyle

‘Recent developments in high speed steels’, Metall. Rev. 1964 9 (33), 49.

106.

Scott

Blackwell

‘Study of materials for unlubricated and elevated temperature rolling elements’ (French), Revue Métall., Paris 1966 (March), 257.

107.

Scott

Blackwell

‘An accelerated test for the study of materials under rolling contact’, Proc. First Lubrication and Wear Convention 1963, 291 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

108.

Scott

Blackwell

‘Some effects of lubricant and temperature on failure in rolling contact’, Proc. Second Lubrication and Wear Convention 1964 178 (Pt 3N), 75 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

109.

Scott

Blackwell

‘Study of sintered carbides and surface treated materials for unlubricated and elevated temperature rolling elements’, Proc. Fifth Lubrication and Wear Convention (Plymouth) 1967 (May), Paper No. 8 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

110.

Baughman

R. A.

Bamberger

E. N.

‘Unlubricated high temperature bearing studies’, J. basic Engng, Trans. Am. Soc. mech. Engrs, Series D 1963 85 (2), 265.

111.

Parker

R. J.

Grisaffe

S. J.

Zaretsky

E. V.

‘Surface failure of titanium carbide cermet and silicon carbide balls in rolling contact at temperatures to 2000°F’, N.A.S.A. tech. Note D-2459, 1964.

112.

Bradley

R. H.

‘Extreme temperature bearing development—1600°F’, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs Paper 61-LUBS-15, 1962.

113.

Taylor

K. M.

Sibley

L. B.

Lawrence

J. C.

‘Development of a ceramic rolling contact bearing for high temperature use’, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs Paper 61-LUBS-12, 1961.

114.

Parker

R. J.

Grisaffe

S. J.

Zaretsky

E. V.

‘Surface failure of alumina balls due to repeated stresses applied in rolling contact at temperatures to 2000°F’, N.A.S.A. tech. Note 2274, 1964.

115.

Carter

T. L.

Zaretsky

E. V.

‘Rolling contact fatigue life of a crystallized glass ceramic’, N.A.S.A. tech. Note D259, 1960.

116.

Anon. Rolling mill rolls (Climax Molybdenum Co. Ltd, London).

117.

Lucas

‘Surface damage to forged steel rolls and its prevention’, Iron and Steelworks Lubrication 1964–65 179 (Pt 3D), 271 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

118.

Akhter

‘A bibliography of abrasive wear (with abstracts)’, N.E.L. Report No. 123, 1963 (National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, Glasgow).

119.

Wright

K. H. R.

‘Studies of abrasive wear resistance’, Engineering, Lond. 1961 191 (4956), 546.

120.

Krushchov

M. M.

Babichev

M. A.

‘Investigations into the wear of metals’, Akad. Nauk. SSSR 1960, 66.

121.

Larsen-Badse

‘The abrasive resistance of some hardened and tempered carbon steels’, Trans. metall. Soc. A.I.M.E. 1966 236 (10), 1461.

122.

Orowan

Symposium on Internal Stresses in Metals and Alloys 1948, 451 (Institute of Metals, London).

123.

Scott

‘Metallurgical aspects of wear’, Symposium on Wear in Textile Machinery (Manchester) 1967 (March), Paper 2 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

124.

Tabor

‘Moh's hardness scale—A physical interpretation’, Proc. Phys. Soc., B 1954 67, 249.

125.

Krushchov

M. M.

Babichev

M. A.

‘Investigation of the effect of abrasive hardness on wear of materials’, N.E.L. Trans. 830 (National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, Glasgow).

126.

Aleinikov

F. K.

‘The influence of abrasive powder microhardness on the values of coefficients of volume removal, determination by the lapping method’, Soviet Phys. tech. Phys. 1957 2, (a), 505.

127.

Nathan

G. K.

Derrick-Jones

W. J.

‘The influence of the hardness of abrasives and the abrasive wear of metals’, Proc. Fifth Lubrication and Wear Convention, (Plymouth) 1967 (May) (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

128.

Jesper

A. C.

‘A consideration of factors affecting the wear resistance of materials used in aircraft gas turbine engines’, Proc. Fourth Lubrication and Wear Convention (Holland) 1966 (May), Paper 15 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

129.

Pugh

H. Ll.D.

Lees

‘Ultra high pressure research—the synthesis of diamond’, N.E.L. Report No. 9, 1961 (National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, Glasgow).

130.

Materials in design engineering: Materials selector issue 1965 62 (5).

131.

Metals Handbook 1961, 8th ed. ‘I: Properties and selection’ (American Society for Metals, Ohio).

132.

Wheildon

W. M.

‘Ceramics for cutting purposes’, in Modern materials 1960 2, 107 (Academic Press, London).

133.

Koenig

J. H.

Smoke

E. J.

‘Characteristic properties of modern ceramics’, in Modern materials 1958 1, 243 (Academic Press, London).

134.

Nataro

‘Non-lubricated piston rings for high pressure application’, Lubric. Engng 1966 22 (3), 104.

135.

Jensen

P. W.

Cam design and manufacture 1965 (The Industrial Press, New York).

136.

Harrison

‘Powder metallurgy’, Engineering Materials and Design Conference (London) 1960, Paper S.

137.

Hafstad

L. R.

‘The role of industrial research’, Sci. Jl 1966 2 (9), 79.

138.

Rafique

S. O.

‘Failures of plain bearings and their causes’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1963–64 178 (Pt 3N), 180.

139.

Simpson

F. F.

‘Failure of rolling contact bearings’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1963–64 178 (Pt 3N), 215.

140.

Barwell

F. T.

‘Wear of metals’, J. Inst. Metals 1957–58 86, 257.

141.

Barwell

F. T.

‘Surface contact in theory and practice’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1961 175, 853.

142.

Welch

N. C.

J. Inst. Metals 1959 88, 103.

143.

Hirst

‘Wear’, Metall. Rev. 1965 10 (38), 145 (Institute of Metals, London).

144.

Kragelskii

I. V.

Friction and wear 1965 (Butterworths, London).

145.

Scott

H. M.

‘The electron microscope in the study of wear’, Proc. Conference on Lubrication and Wear (London) 1957, 609 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

146.

Wright

K. H. R.

‘An investigation of fretting corrosion’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1952–53 (Pt IB), 556.

147.

Godfrey

Bailey

J. M.

‘Early stages of fretting of copper, iron and steel’, Lubric. Engng 1954 10 (3), 155.

148.

Galvin

G. D.

Naylor

‘Effect of lubricants on the fatigue of steel and other metals’, Proc. Lubrication and Wear Third Convention 1965, 56 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

149.

Likhtman

V. I.

Rebinder

P. A.

Karpeno

G. U.

‘Effect of a surface active medium on the process of deformation of metals’, Akad. Nauk. SSSR (Moscow) 1954 (D.S.I.R. Transl. 1958, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London).

150.

Scott

Loy

Mills

G. H.

‘Metallurgical aspects of rolling contact fatigue’, Proc. Fifth Lubrication and Wear Convention (Plymouth) 1967 (May), Paper 26, (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

151.

Bush

J. J.

Grube

W. L.

Robinson

G. H.

‘Microstructural and residual stress changes in hardened steel due to rolling contact’, Proc. Symposium on Rolling Contact Phenomena ( Bidwell

J. B.

, ed.) 1962, 363 (Elsevier Press, London).

152.

Gentile

A. J.

Jordan

E. G.

Martin

A. D.

‘Phase transformations in high carbon, high hardness steels under contact loads’, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engrs 1965 233, 1085.

153.

O'Brien

J. L.

King

A. H.

‘Electron microscopy of stress induced alterations near inclusions in bearing steels’, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs Paper 65-WA/CF/1, 1965.

154.

Davies

W. J.

Day

K. L.

‘Surface fatigue in ball bearings, roller bearings and gears in aircraft engines’, Proc. Symposium on Fatigue in Rolling Contact 1963, 27 Paper 3 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

155.

O'Brien

J. L.

King

A. H.

‘Stress-induced microstructural changes and fatigue damage in hardened steel under contact-loading’, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs Paper 65-LUBS-14, 1965.

156.

Martin

J. A.

Borgese

S. F.

Eberhardt

A. D.

‘Microstructural alterations of rolling bearing steel undergoing cyclic stressing’, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs Paper 65-WA/SF-4, 1965.

157.

Balmforth

Watson

H. J.

‘A practical look at gear tooth damage’, Iron and Steel Works Lubrication 1964–65 179 (Pt 3D), 201 (Instn Mech. Engrs, London).

158.

Scwarzkopf

Kieffer

Refractory hard metals 1953 (Macmillan, New York).

159.

Selection materials and design 1967 (Institute of Metallurgists and Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London): in press.

160.

Kelly

Strong solids 1966 (Oxford Univ. Press, London).

161.

‘Information retrieval for the engineer’, Proc. Instn mech. Engrs 1964–65 179 (Pt 33).

162.

Lubrication (Tribology)—Education and research—A report on the present position and industry's needs 1966 (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London).

Paper 23: Hard Materials

Abstract

Get full access to this article

References