Measurements are reported of piston secondary motion, piston ring motion, piston ring oil-film thicknesses, piston ring pack oil chemistry, piston friction and piston temperatures, using a variety of experimental techniques on running engines. These in-situ measurements have highlighted a number of interesting effects, of importance to both the piston designer and the lubricant formulator.
BurnettP. J.Relationship between oil consumption, deposit formation and piston ring motion for single-cylinder diesel engines. SAE paper 920089, 1992.
2.
BurnettP. J.BullB.WettonR. J.Characterisation of the ring pack lubricant and its environmentProc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part J: J. Engineering Tribology, 1995, 209 (J2), 109–118.
3.
MunroR.Blow-by in relation to piston and ring features. SAE paper 810932, 1981.
4.
FuruhamaS.HirumaM.TsuzitaM.Piston ring motion and its influence on engine tribology. SAE paper 790860, 1979.
5.
FuruhamaS.HirumaM.Axial movement of piston rings in the grooveASLE Trans., 1972, 15, 278–287.
6.
HitosugiH.TateishiY.FujimuraK.Analysis of axial behaviour of three-piece oil control ringJSAE Rev., 1999, 20, 41–48.
7.
MunroR.ParkerA.Transverse movement analysis and its influence on diesel piston design. SAE paper 750800, 1975.
8.
FujimotoH.YoshiharaY.GotoT.FuruhamaS.Measurement of cylinder bore deformation during actual operating engines. SAE paper 910042, 1991.
9.
FuruhamaS.TakiguchiM.TomizawaK.Effect of piston and piston ring designs on the piston friction forces in diesel engines. SAE paper 810977, 1981.
10.
FuruhamaS.SasakiS.Effect of oil properties on piston frictional forcesJSAE Rev., November 1984, 15, 68–76.
11.
TakiguchiM.KidokoroM.ItoA.FuruhamaS.Effect of piston and cylinder deformations on piston slap noiseJSAE Rev., October 1991, 12 (4), 68–70.
12.
TakiguchiM.AndoH.TakimotoT.UratsukaA.Characteristics of friction and lubrication of two-ring pistonJSAE Rev., 1996, 17, 11–16.
13.
HitosugiH.NagoshiK.EbinaM.FuruhamaS.Study on cylinder bore deformation of dry liner in engine operationJSAE Rev., 1996, 17, 113–119.
14.
TakiguchiM.SasakiR.TakahashiI.IshibashiF.FuruhamaS.KaiR.SatoM.Oil film thickness measurement and analysis of a three ring pack in an operating diesel engine. SAE paper 2000-01-1787, 2000.
15.
NakayamaK.YasutakeY.TakiguchiM.FuruhamaS.Effect of piston motion on piston skirt friction of a gasoline engine. SAE paper 970839, 1997.
16.
TakiguchiM.NakayamaK.FuruhamaS.YoshidaH.Variation of piston ring oil film thickness in an internal combustion engine—comparison between thrust and anti-thrust sides. SAE paper 980563, 1998.
17.
WingR. D.SaundersO. A.Oil film temperature and thickness measurements on the piston rings of a diesel engineProc. Instn Mech. Engrs, 1972, 186, 1–9.
18.
MooreS. L.Measurement of the ring to liner oil film thickness in a Caterpillar 1-G diesel engine. SAE paper 790730, 1979.
19.
ShinK.TateishiY.FuruhamaS.Measurement of oil-film-thickness between piston ring and cylinder. SAE paper 830068, 1983.
20.
MyersJ. E.BormanG. L.MyersP. S.Measurements of oil film thickness and liner temperature at top ring reversal in a diesel engine. SAE paper 900813, 1990.
21.
GriceN.SherringtonI.An experimental investigation into the lubrication of piston rings in the internal combustion engine: oil film thickness trends, film stability and cavitation. SAE paper 930688, 1993.
22.
GreeneA. B.Initial visual studies of piston-cylinder dynamic oil film behaviourWear, 1969, 13, 345–360.
23.
TingL. L.Development of a laser fluorescence technique for measuring piston ring oil film thickness. ASME Paper 79-Lub-2, 1979.
24.
RichardsonD. E.BormanG. L.Using fiber optics and laser fluorescence for measuring thin oil films with application to engines. SAE paper 912388, 1991.
25.
WongV. W.HoultD. P.Experimental survey of lubricant-film characteristics and oil consumption in a small diesel engine. SAE paper 910741, 1991.
26.
BrownM. A.McCannH.ThompsonD. M.Characterization of the oil film behaviour between the liner and piston of a heavy duty diesel engine. SAE paper 932784, 1993.
27.
TaylorR. I.BrownM. A.ThompsonD. M.BellJ. C. The influence of lubricant rheology on friction in the piston ring-pack, SAE paper 941981, 1994.
28.
MooreS. L.Piston ring oil film thickness—the effect of viscosity. SAE paper 850439, 1985.
29.
NakashimaK.IshiharaS.UranoK.Influence of piston ring gaps on lubricating oil flow into the combustion chamber. SAE paper 952546, 1995.
30.
NattrassS. R.ThompsonD. M.McCannH.Firstin-situ measurement of lubricant degradation in the ring pack of a running engine. SAE paper 942026, 1994.
31.
HamatakeT.KitaharaT.WakuriY.SoejimaM.Friction characteristics of piston rings in a reciprocating engineLubric. Sci., October 1993, 6 (1), 21–40.
32.
WakuriY.SoejimaM.KitaharaT.NunotaniM.OotsuboM.Studies on the characteristics of piston ring frictionJSAE Rev., 1992, 13, 48–53.
33.
WakuriY.SoejimaM.KitaharaT.Studies on the friction characteristics of piston rings in a diesel engine. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference onCombustion Engines, 1993, pp. 1–16 (CIMAC, London).
34.
UrasH. M.PattersonD. J.Measurement of piston and ring assembly friction instantaneous IMEP method. SAE paper 830416, 1983.
35.
TaylorR. I.KitaharaT.SaitoT.CoyR. C.Piston assembly friction and wear: the influence of lubricant viscometry. In Proceedings of the International Tribology Conference, Yokohama, Japan, 1995, pp. 1423–1428.
36.
TaylorR. I.GillespieH. M.DixonR. T.MainwaringR.NattrassS. R.SmithG. C.Deposit formation and control in engine lubrication—mechanisms and models. Presented at the IMechE-Royal Society of Chemistry Additives Conference, Oxford, 2001.
