This paper presents the results of a study that was carried out to determine the emission levels of engines of switch locomotives used in Ukraine and the compliance of the engines with existing and future standards. Test results showed that none of the engines tested fully complied with United States Environmental Protection Agency and European Union standards. An experimental investigation to evaluate some of the emission reduction technologies for oxides of nitrogen, such as optimization of operating characteristics and injection timing retardation, was also conducted.
Environmental Protection Agency.40 CFR Parts 85, 89 and 92. [FRL-5935-7]. RIN 2060-AD33. Emission Standards for Locomotives and Locomotive Engines. Federal Register, 1998, 63/73, pp. 18977–19084.
2.
ZeldovichJ. B.RizerY. P.Physics of shock waves and high temperature hydrodynamic phenomena, 1966 (Nauka, Moscow).
3.
ChenG.FlynnP. L.GallagherS. M.DillenE. R.Development of the low-emission GE-7FDL high-power medium-speed locomotive diesel engine. J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power, 2003, 125 (2), 505–512.
4.
PoolaR. B.SekarR.Reduction of NOx and particulate emissions by using oxygen-enriched combustion air in a locomotive diesel engine. J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power, 2003, 125 (2), 524–532.
5.
StodolskyF.2002 Railroad and locomotive technology roadmap center for transportation research. Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 2002, available from: www.transportation.anl.gov
6.
BulaevV. G.KozlovY. M.NovikovaI. S.Effect of injection timing on emissions level of locomotive engine 6HH21/21. Internal combustion engines: abstracts collection, 1983, pp. 7–10.
7.
FritzS.BrasilT.Diesel fuel effects on locomotive exhaust emissions. CIMAC, Proceedings of the 23rd World Congress on Combustion engine technology for ship propulsion, power generation, rail traction. CIMAC, Hamburg, 2001, pp. 595–607.
8.
Directive 2004/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004. Official Journal of the European Communities, 30 April 2004.
9.
SmylisV. I.KurovV. M.VishkinA. D.MatkovskyA. S.GOST 24585-81: marine, locomotive and commercial diesels. Emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. Permissible values and measurement methods, 1981 (Standards Publishing, Moscow).
HeywoodJ. B.Internal combustion engine fundamentals, 1988 (McGraw-Hill, New York).
12.
HawleyJ. G.BraceC. J.WallaceF. J.HorrocksR. W.Combustion related emission in CI engines. In Handbook of air pollution from internal combustion engines. Pollutant formation and control (Ed. SherE.) 1998, pp. 280–357 (Academic Press, New York).
13.
KruglovM. G.Operating regimes and characteristics of turbocharged engines. In Internal combustion engines. Theory of piston type engines (Eds OrlinA. S.KruglovM. G.) 1983, pp. 229–287 (Mashinostroenie, Moscow).
14.
BannikovM. G.Working process of a diesel engine with EGR. Proc. EUSU, 1999, 16, 88–98.
15.
BannikovM.G.HaroonM.Method of determination of EGR parameters of a diesel engine. Proc. EUSU, 1999, 16, 99–103.
