An overview of thermochemical treatment technologies (TTTs) for radioactive and toxic wastes is given. TTTs have been developed for pretreatment (e.g. decontamination), treatment and conditioning of specific wastes such as mixed, organic or chlorine-containing radioactive waste and contaminated soils. TTTs use powder metal fuels (PMFs) specifically formulated for the waste composition, which react with some of the waste components. Thermochemical processing can be carried out in a self-sustaining regime and enables ecologically safe processing of wastes without complex and expensive equipment. It leads to almost total confinement of contaminants in a mineral or glass composite end-product with minimal release of hazardous components and radionuclides in the off-gas.
BatyukhnovaO. G.MakhoninN. S.OjovanM. I.SobolevI. A.PopovL. S. Method of calcination of nitrate-containing radioactive wastes. USSR Pat. 1 604 066, 1989.
2.
BatyukhnovaO. G.AlexandrovA. I.OjovanM. I.SobolevI. A. Method of solidification of liquid radioactive wastes. Russian Pat. 2 009 556, 1994.
3.
KarlinaO. K.OvchinnikovA. V.OjovanM. I.PetrovG. A.SilinN. A.VagonovS. N.Feasibility study of decontamination of asphalt-concrete covers contaminated by radionuclidesAtomic Energy, 1995, 78 (4), 270–274.
4.
KarlinaO. K.TivanskyV. M.PetrovA. G.OjovanM. I.SobolevI. A.SolodovV. V.Decontamination of different materials by using exothermic metallic compositions. In Proceedings of International Symposium onConditioning of Radioactive Operational and Decommissioning Wastes, CONTEC'97, Hamburg, Germany, 19-21 March 1997, pp. 526–529.
5.
TivanskyV. M.PetrovA. G.KarlinaO. K.SobolevI. A.OjovanM. I.Thermochemical decontamination of metallic surfaces. In Proceedings of International Conference onWaste Management WM'97, Tucson, Arizona, 2-6 March 1997, CD-ROM.
6.
KhrabrovS. L.MamaevL. A.PoluektovP. P.TihomirovV.OjovanM. I.KarlinaO. K.TivanskyV. M.PetrovA. G.High temperature combined decontamination method for metals. In Proceedings of International Conference ofIncineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Orlando, Florida, 10-14 May 1999, CD-ROM.
7.
SobolevI. A.DmitrievS. A.BarinovA. S.OjovanM. I.TimofeevE. M.PetrovG. A.KorjovenkoG. N.StefanovskyS. V.KropochevV. V.VasendinaT. I.Thermochemical treatment of mixed waste by using powder metal fuel. In Proceedings of International Conference onWaste Management WM'96, Tucson, Arizona, 25-29 February 1996, CD-ROM.
8.
SobolevI. A.DmitrievS. A.BarinovA. S.PetrovG. A.OjovanM. I.SemenovK. N.TimofeevE. M.Incineration of large contaminated biological objects in field conditions. In Proceedings of 1997 International Conference onIncineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Oakland, California, 12-16 May 1997, pp. 297–300.
9.
KarlinaO. K.PetrovG. A.OjovanM. I.VarlakovaG. A.DmitrievS. A.Conditioning of ash residue in the reaction wave of glass-forming heterogeneous compositionMat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 1998, 506, 695–699.
10.
KropochevV. V.OjovanM. I.SobolevI. A.Incineration of ion-exchange resins by using powder metal fuel: Thermodynamic approach. In Proceedings of International Conference onIncineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Oakland, California, 12-16 May 1997, pp. 207–212.
11.
OjovanM. I.KarlinaO. K.KlimovV. L.PavlovaG. Yu.Thermochemical treatment of nuclear reactor graphite: Thermodynamic analysis. In Proceedings of International Conference onIncineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Orlando, Florida, 10-14 May 1999, pp. 11–15.
12.
SobolevI. A.OjovanM. I.PetrovG. A.KlimovV. L.TarasovV. L.Self-sustaining synthesis of Synroc: Thermodynamic analysis. In Proceedings of International Conference onIncineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Salt Lake City, Utah, 11-15 May 1998, pp. 311–313.
13.
OjovanM. I.PetrovG. A.StefanovskyS. V.NikonovB. S.Processing of large scale radwaste-containing blocks using exothermic metallic mixturesMat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 1999, 556, 239–245.
14.
SobolevI. A.KedrovskyO. L.MyasoedovB. F.DmitrievS. A.PetrovG. A.OjovanM. I.StefanovskyS. V.KulyakoY. M.SuvorovI. S. Disposal method for radioactive waste into rocks. Russian Pat. 2167459, 2001.
15.
DmitrievS. A.KarlinaO. K.OjovanM. I.PetrovA. G.SobolevI. A.TivanskyV. M.KhrabrovS. L.PoluektovP. P.MamaevL. A.PastushkovV.TichomirovV.VertmanA. A.TarasovV. L.High temperature combined decontamination method-powder metal fuel (PMF) technology for decontamination of metal radioactive waste. In Proceedings of 2nd Topical Meeting onDecommissioning, Decontamination and Reutilization of Commercial and Government Facilities (DD&R'99), Knoxville, Tennessee, 13-16 September 1999, CD-ROM.
16.
State of the art technology for decontamination and dismantling of nuclear facilities. IAEA technical report 395, Vienna, 1999, 105 pp.
17.
MamaevL.KhrabrovS.TikhomirovV.OjovanM. I.KarlinaO. K.PetrovA. G.TivanskyV. M.High temperature decontamination of metal scrap. In Proceedings of International Conference onWaste Management WM'99, Tucson, Arizona, 28 February—4 March 1999, CD-ROM.
18.
OjovanM. I.PetrovG. A.DmitrievS. A.SemenovK. N.KlimovV. L.Incineration of wet ion-exchange resins in compositions with powder metal fuel. In Proceedings of International Conference onWaste Management WM'99, Tucson, Arizona, 28 February-4 March 1999, CD-ROM.
SobolevI. A.BarinovA. S.TimofeevE. M.OjovanM. I.PetrovG. A.SemenovK. N.TivanskyV. M.PetrovA. G.BittH.Cidlinsky SenrK.CidlinskyK.JrDemonstration of incineration of cow cadaver under field condition in the suburb of Brno (Czech Republic). In Proceedings of International Conference onIncineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, Orlando, Florida, 10-14 May 1999, CD-ROM.
21.
KlimovV. L.KarlinaO. K.PavlovaG. Yu.OjovanM. I.DmitrievS. A.SobolevI. A. Treatment method for reactor graphite and facility to carry it out. Russian Pat. 2 192 057, 2002.
22.
OjovanM. I.KarlinaO. K.KlimovV. L.BergmamG. A.PavlovaG. Yu.YurchenkoA. Yu.DmitrievS. A.Investigation of reactor graphite processing with the carbon-14 retentionMat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc, 2003, 757, LT3.13.1-6.
23.
KarlinaO. K.DmitrievS. A.KlimovV. L.OjovanM. I.PavlovaG. Yu.YurchenkoA. Yu.Retention investigation of the carbon-14 being contaminated in the irradiated reactor graphite. In Proceedings of International ConferenceICEM'03, Oxford, 21-25 September 2003, CD-ROM, 4567.pdf.
24.
KarlinaO. K.VarlakovaG. A.OjovanM. I.TivanskyV. M.DmitrievS. A.Conditioning of radioactive ash residue in a wave of solid phase exothermal reactionsAtomic Energy, 2001, 90 (1), 43–48.
25.
KarlinaO. K.KlimovV. L.PavlovaG. Yu.PenionzhkevichN. P.YurchenkoA. Yu.OzhovanM. I.DmitrievS. A.Thermodynamic analysis and experimental investigation of phase equilibria in the thermochemical processing of irradiated graphite in the C-Al-TiO2 systemAtomic Energy, 2003, 94, 405–410.
26.
KarlinaO. K.VarlakovaG. A.DmitrievS. A.OjovanM. I.Thermochemical conditioning of radioactive waste: Structure and properties of final processed product. In Proceedings of International Conference onEnvir. Remed. and Radioactive Waste Management ICEM'03, Oxford, 21-25 September 2003, CD-ROM, 4560.pdf.
27.
OjovanM. I.KarlinaO. K.PetrovG. A.SobolevI. A.DmitrievS. A.LeeW. E.Self-sustaining immobilisation processes. In Proceedings of International Conference onEnvir. Remed. and Radioactive Waste Management ICEM'03, Oxford, 21-25 September 2003, CD-ROM, 4543.pdf.
28.
OjovanM. I.LeeW. E.Self-sustaining vitrification for immobilization of radioactive and toxic wasteGlass Technol., 2003, 44, 218–224.
29.
OjovanM. I.KlimovV. L.KarlinaO. K.Mathematical simulation of the gas-particles reaction flows in incineration of metal-containing waste. In Proceedings of International Conference onWaste Management WM'02, Tucson, Arizona, 24-28 February 2002, 8 pp., CD-ROM, 034.pdf.
30.
OjovanM. I.SobolevI. A.DmitrievS. A.PanteleevV. I.KarlinaO. K.KlimovV. L.Thermochemical processing of radioactive waste using powder metal fuels. In Proceedings of International Conference onWaste Management WM'03, Tucson, Arizona, 23-27 February 2003, 9 pp., CD-ROM, 134.pdf.
31.
KulyakoYu. M.PerevalovS. A.VinokurovS. E.MyasoedovB. F.PetrovG. A.OzhovanM. I.DmitrievS. A.SobolevI. A.Properties of host matrices with incorporated U and Pu oxides prepared by melting of a zircon-containing heterogeneous mixture (by virtue of exo effect of burning metallic fuel)Radiochemistry, 2001, 43, 626–631.
