Mild-steel vessels with initially flat ends, having four different thicknesses and various knuckle shapes, have been formed without dies. Similar shapes were obtained by forming at room temperature and at a high temperature with saturated steam as the pressurizing medium.
The elastic stresses due to internal pressure in 24 pressure-formed vessels have been analysed using frozen stress photoelastic models. The peak stresses in these shapes are generally lower than in the best torispherical heads of the same head height.
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