The elastic—plastic response of pressurized and unpressurized pipes, subjected to localized indentations, has been investigated using finite element (FE) analyses and experimental testing. A visual inspection system was used to monitor the initiation and the development of cracks during the indentation of an unpressurized pipe. The experiments show that the pipe can continue to carry significant increases in external force, after a crack has initiated, until a through-crack is formed. The close correlation of the results obtained from the experimental tests and the FE analyses indicates that the shell element models used in this paper are capable of giving accurate results.
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