Ground Motion Model for the Vertical-to-Horizontal (V/H) Ratios of PGA,PGV,and Response Spectra

Abstract

We present a ground motion model (GMM) for the vertical-to-horizontal (V/H) ratios of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and 5%-damped pseudo-acceleration response spectra at periods ranging from 0.01 s to 10 s. The V/H GMM includes formulations for the median V/H ratio and for the aleatory within-event, between-event, and total standard deviations. The V/H model is based on the GMMs we have developed for the vertical and “average” horizontal components of ground motion using a mathematical formation that accounts for the correlation between these two components. We validated the V/H model against the NGA-West2 empirical database. We consider our V/H model to be valid for worldwide shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions for moment magnitudes ranging from 3.3 to 8.5, depending on the style of faulting, and for fault rupture distances ranging from 0 km to 300 km. Our V/H model incorporates period-dependent effects of magnitude saturation, style of faulting, hypocentral depth, fault-rupture dip, geometric attenuation, regionally dependent anelastic attenuation and site response, hanging-wall geometry, and magnitude-dependent between-event and within-event aleatory variabilities. The V/H ratios predicted from the model show a strong dependence on spectral period and site response.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abrahamson

N. A.

and Litehiser

J. J.

1989. Attenuation of vertical peak acceleration, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 79, 549–580.

Abrahamson

N. A.

and Youngs

R. R.

1992. A stable algorithm for regression analyses using the random effects model, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82, 505–510.

Abrahamson

N. A.

and Silva

W. J.

1997. Empirical response spectral attenuation relations for shallow crustal earthquakes, Seismological Research Letters 68, 94–127.

Akkar

Sandikkaya

M. A.

and Ay

B. Ö.

2014. Compatible ground-motion prediction equations for damping scaling factors and vertical-to-horizontal spectral amplitude ratios for the broader European region, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12, 517–547.

Al Atik

Abrahamson

Bommer

J. J.

Scherbaum

Cotton

and Kuehn

2010. The variability of ground-motion prediction models and its components, Seismological Research Letters 81, 794–801.

Ambraseys

N. N.

and Simpson

K. A.

1996. The prediction of vertical response spectra in Europe, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 25, 401–412.

Ambraseys

N. N.

Douglas

Smit

and Sarma

S. K.

2005. Equations for the estimation of strong ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes using data from Europe and the Middle East: Vertical peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 3, 55–73.

Amirbekian

R. V.

and Bolt

B. A.

1998. Spectral comparison of vertical and horizontal seismic strong ground motions in alluvial basins, Earthquake Spectra 14, 573–595.

Ancheta

T. D.

Darragh

R. B.

Stewart

J. P.

Seyhan

Silva

W. J.

Chiou

B. S.-J.

Wooddell

K. E.

Graves

R. W.

Kottke

A. R.

Boore

D. M.

Kishida

and Donahue

J. L.

2014. NGA-West2 database, Earthquake Spectra 30, 989–1005.

10.

Ansary

M. H.

and Yamazaki

1998. Behavior of horizontal and vertical SV at JMA sites, Japan, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124, 606–616.

11.

Atkinson

G. M.

and Cassady

2000. Integrated use of seismograph and strong motion data to determine soil amplification in the Fraser Delta: Results from the Duvall and Georgia Strait earthquakes, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90, 1028–1040.

12.

Bard

P.-Y.

1999. Microtremor measurements: A tool for site effect estimation?, in The Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Irikurak

, Kudok

, Okadah

, and Sasatanit

(editors), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1251–1279.

13.

Benjamin

J. R.

and Cornell

C. A.

1970. Probability, Statistics, and Decision for Civil Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 684 pp.

14.

Beresnev

I. A.

Nightingale

A. M.

and Silva

W. J.

2002. Properties of vertical ground motions, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 3152–3164.

15.

Berge-Thierry

Cotton

Scotti

Griot-Pommera

D.-A.

and Fukushima

2003. New empirical spectral attenuation laws for moderate European earthquakes, Journal of Earthquake Engineering 7, 193–222.

16.

Bindi

Luzi

Massa

and Pacor

2010. Horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction equations derived from the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA), Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 8, 1209–1230.

17.

Bommer

J. J.

Akkar

and Kale

2011. A model for vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratios for Europe and the Middle East, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101, 1783–1806.

18.

Boore

D. M.

2010. Orientation-independent, nongeometric-mean measures of seismic intensity from two horizontal components of motion, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100, 1830–1835.

19.

Boore

D. M.

Watson-Lamprey

and Abrahamson

N. A.

2006. Orientation-independent measures of ground motion, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96, 1502–1511.

20.

Bozorgnia

and Campbell

K. W.

2004. The vertical-to-horizontal response spectral ratio and tentative procedures for developing simplified V/H and vertical design spectra, Journal of Earthquake Engineering 8, 175–207.

21.

Bozorgnia

and Campbell

K. W.

2016. Vertical ground motion model for PGA, PGV, and response spectra using the NGA-West2 database, Earthquake Spectra 32, 979–1004.

22.

Bozorgnia

and Niazi

1993. Distance scaling of vertical and horizontal response spectra of the Loma Prieta earthquake, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 22, 695–707.

23.

Bozorgnia

Niazi

and Campbell

K. W.

1995. Characteristics of free-field vertical ground motion during the Northridge earthquake, Earthquake Spectra 11, 515–525.

24.

Bozorgnia

Mahin

S. A.

and Brady

A. G.

1998. Vertical response of twelve structures recorded during the Northridge earthquake, Earthquake Spectra 14, 411–432.

25.

Bozorgnia

Abrahamson

N. A.

Al Atik

Ancheta

T. D.

Atkinson

G. M.

Baker

J. W.

Baltay

Boore

D. M.

Campbell

K. W.

Chiou

B. S.-J.

Darragh

Day

Donahue

Graves

R. W.

Gregor

Hanks

Idriss

I. M.

Kamai

Kishida

Kottke

Mahin

S. A.

Rezaeian

Rowshandel

Seyhan

Shahi

Shantz

Silva

W. J.

Spudich

Stewart

J. P.

Watson-Lamprey

Wooddell

K. E.

and Youngs

R. R.

2014. NGA-West2 research project, Earthquake Spectra 30, 973–987.

26.

Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 2009. NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and other Structures (FEMA P-750), 2009 edition, Report prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C.

27.

Campbell

K. W.

1982. A study of the near-source behavior of peak vertical acceleration, Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 63, 1037.

28.

Campbell

K. W.

1997. Empirical near-source attenuation relationships for horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectra, Seismological Research Letters 68, 154–179.

29.

Campbell

K. W.

2016. Engineering models of strong ground motion, in Earthquake Engineering Handbook, Chen

W.-F.

and Scawthorn

(editors), 2nd edition, Chapter 5, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

30.

Campbell

K. W.

and Bozorgnia

2003. Updated near-source ground motion (attenuation) relations for the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response spectra, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 93, 314–331.

31.

Campbell

K. W.

and Bozorgnia

2014. NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped linear acceleration response spectra, Earthquake Spectra 30, 1087–1115.

32.

Day

S. M.

Graves

Bielak

Dreger

Larsen

Olsen

K. B.

Pitarka

and Ramirez-Guzman

2008. Model for basin effects on long-period response spectra in southern California, Earthquake Spectra 24, 257–277.

33.

Donahue

J. L.

and Abrahamson

N. A.

2014. Simulation-based hanging wall effects, Earthquake Spectra 30, 1269–1284.

34.

Edwards

Poggi

and Fäh

2011. A predictive equation for the vertical-to-horizontal ratio of ground motion at rock sites based on shear-wave velocity profiles from Japan and Switzerland, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101, 2998–3019.

35.

Elnashai

A. S.

and Papazoglou

A. J.

1997. Procedure and spectra for analysis of RC structures subjected to strong vertical earthquake loads, Journal of Earthquake Engineering 1, 121–155.

36.

Fukushima

Bonilla

L. F.

Scotti

and Douglas

2007. Site classification using horizontal-to-vertical response spectral ratios and its impact when deriving empirical ground motion prediction equations, Journal of Earthquake Engineering 11, 712–724.

37.

Ghofrani

and Atkinson

G. M.

2014. Site condition evaluation using horizontal-to-vertical response spectral ratios of earthquakes in the NGA-West 2 and Japanese databases, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 67, 30–43.

38.

Gülerce

and Abrahamson

N. A.

2011. Site-specific design spectra for vertical ground motion, Earthquake Spectra 27, 1023–1047.

39.

Kalkan

and Gülkan

2004. Empirical attenuation equations for vertical ground motion in Turkey, Earthquake Spectra 20, 853–882.

40.

Lay

and Wallace

T. C.

1995. Modern Global Seismology, Academic Press, San Diego, California.

41.

Mucciarelli

and Galipoli

M. R.

2001. A critical review of 10 years of microtremor HVSR technique, Bolletino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata 42, 255–266.

42.

Nakamura

1989. A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using micro-tremor on ground surface, Quarterly Report of Railway Technical Research Institute 30, 25–33.

43.

Nakamura

2000. Clear identification of fundamental idea of Nakamura's technique and its applications, in Proceedings, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 30 January–4 February, 2000, Paper No. 2656, Auckland, New Zealand.

44.

Niazi

and Bozorgnia

1989. Behavior of vertical ground motion parameters in the near-field, Seismological Research Letters 60, 4.

45.

Niazi

and Bozorgnia

1991. Behavior of near-source peak vertical and horizontal ground motions over SMART-1 array, Taiwan, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81, 715–732.

46.

Niazi

and Bozorgnia

1992. Behavior of near-source vertical and horizontal response spectra at SMART-1 array, Taiwan, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 21, 37–50.

47.

Petersen

M. D.

Moschetti

M. P.

Powers

P. M.

Mueller

C. S.

Haller

K. M.

Frankel

A. D.

Zeng

Rezaeian

Harmsen

S. C.

Boyd

O. S.

Field

E. F.

Chen

Rukstales

K. S.

Luco

Wheeler

R. L.

Williams

R. A.

and Olsen

A. H.

2014. Documentation for the 2014 update of the United States National Seismic Hazard Maps, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2014-1091, 243 pp.

48.

Poggi

Edwards

and Fäh

2012. Characterizing the vertical-to-horizontal ratio of ground motion at soft-sediment sites, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102, 2741–2756.

49.

Power

Chiou

B. S.-J.

Abrahamson

N. A.

Bozorgnia

Shantz

and Roblee

2008. An overview of the NGA Project, Earthquake Spectra 24, 3–21.

50.

Richter

C. F.

1958. Elementary Seismology, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, 768 pp.

51.

Sadigh

Chang

C.-Y.

Abrahamson

N. A.

Chiou

B. S.-J.

and Power

M. S.

1993. Specification of long-period ground motions: Updated attenuation relationships for rock site conditions and adjustment factors for near-fault effects, in Proceedings, Seminar on Seismic Isolation, Passive Energy Dissipation, and Active Control, Vol. 1: Seismic Isolation Systems, 11–12 March, 1993, San Francisco, California, Report No. ATC-17-1, Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, California, 59–70.

52.

Seyhan

Stewart

J. P.

Ancheta

T. D.

Darragh

R. B.

and Graves

R. W.

2014. NGA-West2 site database, Earthquake Spectra 30, 1007–1024.

53.

Silva

W. J.

1997. Characteristics of vertical strong ground motions for applications to engineering design, in Proceedings, FHWA/NCEER Workshop on the National Representation of Seismic Ground Motion for New and Existing Highway Facilities, I. M. Friedland, M. S. Power, and R. L. Mayes (editors), Burlingame, California, Technical Report NCEER-970010, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, New York.

54.

Trifunac

M. D.

and Lee

V. W.

1989. Empirical models for scaling pseudo relative velocity spectra of strong earthquake accelerations in terms of magnitude, distance, site intensity and recording site conditions, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 8, 126–144.

55.

Walling

Silva

W. J.

and Abrahamson

N. A.

2008. Non-linear site amplification factors for constraining the NGA models, Earthquake Spectra 24, 243–255.

56.

Zhao

J. X.

Irikura

Zhang

Fukushima

Somerville

P. G.

Asano

Ohno

Oouchi

Takahashi

and Ogawa

2006. An empirical site-classification method for strong-motion stations in Japan using H/V response spectral ratio, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96, 914–925.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

38.84 MB