This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations conducted on typical dhajji buildings found in the northern mountainous areas of Kashmir and surrounding regions to evaluate their in-plane lateral load response. The experimental work included an in-plane quasistatic cyclic test on three full-scale walls as well as monotonic tension and bend tests on main connections. The test results show that the dhajji-dewari system of buildings possesses tremendous resilience against lateral forces. The function of connections, especially the connections between the vertical posts and bottom plate, control the performance of the system. The test results also indicate that although masonry infill does not contribute to lateral load capacity, it significantly increases the energy dissipation capacity of system. The data accrued from the tests has been used in nonlinear static push-over analysis of the numerical models to develop simplified analytical tools for facilitating lateral load performance evaluation of dhajji structures.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Building Code of Pakistan (BCP),2007. Seismic provisions, in Building Code of Pakistan, Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad, Pakistan.
2.
British Standards Institution (BS 373),1957. BS 373:1957 Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber, BSI, London.
3.
CardosoR.LopesM.BentoR.D'AyalaD.2003. Historic, Braced Frame Timber Buildings with Masonry Infill (“Pombalino” Buildings), Report No. 92, World Housing Encyclopedia, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
4.
CardosoR.LopesM.BentoR.2004. Earthquake resistant structures of Portuguese old “Pombalino” buildings, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (13WCEE), Vancouver, BC, Canada.
5.
CeccottiA.FaccioP.NartM.SandhaaslC.SimeoneP.2006. Seismic behaviour of historic timber-frame buildings in the Italian Dolomites, International Wood Committee 15th International Symposium, Istanbul and Rize, Turkey.
6.
Cóias e SilvaV.2002. Using advanced composites to retrofit Lisbon's old “seismic resistant” timber framed buildings, European Timber Buildings as an Expression of Technological and Technical Cultures, Editions Scientifiques et Médicales, Elsevier SAS, 109–124.
7.
DoğangünA.TulukÖ.LivaoğluR.AcarR.2006. Traditional wooden buildings and their damages during earthquakes in Turkey, Engineering Failure Analysis13, 981–996.
8.
GülhanD.Güneyİ. Ö.2000. The behavior of traditional building systems against earthquake and its comparison to reinforced concrete frame systems: experiences of Marmara earthquake damage assessment studies in Kocaeli and Sakarya, Proceedings of Earthquake-Safe: Lessons to be Learned from Traditional Construction, Istanbul, Turkey, available at http://www.icomos.org/iiwc/seismic/Gulhan.pdf.
9.
GülkanP.LangenbachR.2004. The earthquake resistance of traditional timber and masonry dwellings in Turkey, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Paper No. 2297.
10.
KapposA. J.1991. Analytical prediction of the collapse earthquake for R/C buildings: Suggested methodology, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics20, 167–176.
11.
LangenbachR.1989. Bricks, mortar, and earthquakes, APT Bulletin21, 30–43.
12.
MagenesG.CalviM.1997. In-plane seismic response of brick masonry walls, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics26, 1091–1112.
13.
MumtazH.Habib MughalS.StephensonM.BotharaJ. K.2008. The challenges of reconstruction after the October 2005 Kashmir earthquake, NZSEE Annual Conference, New Zealand.
14.
PopovskiM.PrionH. G. L.KaracabeyliE.1998a. Seismic behavior of braced timber frames, Sixth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering: Seismic Design and Mitigation for the Third Millennium, Seattle, WA.
15.
PopovskiM.PrionH. G. L.KaracabeyliE.1998b. Influence of connection details on seismic performance of braced timber frames, Eleventh European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paris, France.
16.
PopovskiM.KaracabeyliE.PrionH. G. L.1999. Dynamic response of braced timber frames, Eighth Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering; Vancouver, BC, Canada.
17.
PopovskiM.PrionH. G. L.KaracabeyliE.2002. Seismic performance of connections in heavy timber construction, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering29, 389–399.
18.
PopovskiM.KaracabeyliE.2006. Seismic behavior of structural systems with riveted connections in timber construction, 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering (8NCEE), San Francisco, CA.
19.
PopovskiM.KaracabeyliE.2008. Force modification factors and capacity design procedures for braced timber frames, 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (14WCEE); Beijing, China.
20.
RaiD. C.MurtyC. V. R.2005. Preliminary Report on the 2005 North Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.
21.
SchacherT.AliQ.2008. Timber reinforced stone masonry in northern Pakistan in the context of the post earthquake reconstruction efforts, International Seminar on Seismic Risk and Rehab of Stone Masonry Housing, Azores, Portugal.
22.
SpenceR. J. S.CoburnA. W.1984. Traditional housing in seismic areas, Proceedings of the International Conference at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, Miller-K-J, Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
23.
TobrinerS.Wooden Architecture and Earthquakes in Turkey,2000, A Reconnaissance Report and Commentary on the performance of wooden structures in the Turkish earthquakes of 17 August and 12 November 1999, Report for the United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Disaster Management Planning, Hyogo Office, Japan.
24.
Tomazevic and Weiss,2010. Displacement capacity of masonry buildings as a basis for the assessment of behavior factor: an experimental study, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering8, 1267–1294.
25.
ZafarA.AndrawesB.2011. Response modification factor for reinforced concrete buildings in Pakistan, Proceedings of the International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
