We used an expanded PEER NGA-West2 database to develop a new ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5% damped linear pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectra at 21 periods ranging from 0.01 s to 10 s. In addition to those terms included in our now superseded 2008 GMPE, we include a more-detailed hanging wall model, scaling with hypocentral depth and fault dip, regionally independent geometric attenuation, regionally dependent anelastic attenuation and site conditions, and magnitude-dependent aleatory variability. The NGA-West2 database provides better constraints on magnitude scaling and attenuation of small-magnitude earthquakes, where our 2008 GMPE was known to be biased. We consider our new GMPE to be valid for estimating horizontal ground motion from shallow crustal continental earthquakes in an active tectonic domain for rupture distances ranging from 0 km to 300 km and magnitudes ranging from 3.3 to 7.5–8.5, depending on source mechanism.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbrahamsonN. A., and YoungsR. R., 1992. A stable algorithm for regression analyses using the random effects model, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.82, 505–510.
2.
AbrahamsonN. A., SilvaW. J., and KamaiR., 2013. Update of the AS08 Ground-Motion Prediction Equations Based on the NGA-West2 Data Set, PEER Report No. 2013/04, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 143 pp.
3.
AbrahamsonN. A., SilvaW. J., and KamaiR., 2014. Summary of the ASK14 ground motion relation for active crustal regions, Earthquake Spectra30, 1025–1055.
4.
AkkarS., SandikkayaM. A., and BommerJ. J., 2013. Empirical ground-motion models for point- and extended-source crustal earthquake scenarios in Europe and the Middle East, Bull. Earthq. Eng., 12, 359–387.
5.
Al AtikL., and YoungsR. R., 2013. Epistemic Uncertainty for NGA-West2 Models, PEER Report No. 2013/11, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 59 pp.
6.
Al AtikL., and YoungsR. R., 2014. Epistemic uncertainty for NGA-West2 models, Earthquake Spectra30, 1301–1318.
7.
AnchetaT. D., DarraghR. B., StewartJ. P., SeyhanE., SilvaW. J., ChiouB. S.-J., WooddellK. E., GravesR. W., KottkeA. R., BooreD. M., KishidaT., and DonahueJ. L., 2013. PEER NGA-West2 Database, PEER Report No. 2013/03, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 134 pp.
8.
AnchetaT. D., DarraghR. B., StewartJ. P., SeyhanE., SilvaW. J., ChiouB. S.-J., WooddellK. E., GravesR. W., KottkeA. R., BooreD. M., KishidaT., and DonahueJ. L., 2014. NGA-West2 database, Earthquake Spectra30, 989–1005.
9.
BooreD. M., 2010. Orientation-independent, nongeometric-mean measures of seismic intensity from two horizontal components of motion, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.100, 1830–1835.
10.
BooreD. M., StewartJ. P., SeyhanE., and AtkinsonG. A., 2013. NGA-West2 Equations for Predicting Response Spectral Accelerations for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes, PEER Report No. 2013/05, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 134 pp.
11.
BooreD. M., StewartJ. P., SeyhanE., and AtkinsonG. A., 2014. NGA-West2 equations for predicting PGA, PGV, and 5% damped PSA for shallow crustal earthquakes, Earthquake Spectra30, 1057–1085.
12.
BozorgniaY., and CampbellK. W., 2004. Engineering characterization of ground motion, in Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering Seismology to Performance-Based Engineering, BozorgniaY. and BerteroV. V. (eds.), Chapter 5, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1–74.
13.
BozorgniaY., AbrahamsonN. A., Al AtikL., AnchetaT. D., AtkinsonG. M., BakerJ. W., BaltayA., BooreD. M., CampbellK. W., ChiouB. S.-J., DarraghR., DayS., DonahueJ., GravesR. W., GregorN., HanksT., IdrissI. M., KamaiR., KishidaT., KottkeA., MahinS. A., RezaeianS., RowshandelB., SeyhanE., ShahiS., ShantzT., SilvaW., SpudichP., StewartJ. P., Watson-LampreyJ., WooddellK., and YoungsR., 2014. NGA-West2 research project, Earthquake Spectra30, 973–987.
14.
Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 2009. NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA P-750), 2009 edition, Report prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C.
15.
CampbellK. W., 2004. Engineering models of strong ground motion, in Earthquake Engineering Handbook, ChenW. F. and ScawthornC. (eds.), Chapter 5, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1–76.
16.
CampbellK. W., 2011. Ground motion simulation using the hybrid empirical method: Issues and insights, in Earthquake Data in Engineering Seismology, AkkarS., GülkanP., and van EckT. (eds.), Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering 14, Chapter 7, Springer, Berlin, 81–95.
17.
CampbellK. W., and BozorgniaY., 2007. Campbell-Bozorgnia NGA Ground Motion Relations for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of Peak and Spectral Ground Motion Parameters, PEER Report No. 2007/02, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 238 pp.
18.
CampbellK. W., and BozorgniaY., 2008. NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear-elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 and 10.0 s, Earthquake Spectra24, 139–171.
19.
CampbellK. W., and BozorgniaY., 2013. NGA-West2 Campbell-Bozorgnia Ground Motion Model for the Horizontal Components of PGA, PGV, and 5%-Damped Elastic Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectra for Periods Ranging from 0.01 to 10 s, PEER Report No. 2013/06, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 238 pp.
20.
ChiouB. S.-J., and YoungsR. R., 2013. Update of the Chiou and Youngs NGA Ground Motion Model for Average Horizontal Component of Peak Ground Motion and Response Spectra, PEER Report No. 2013/07, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 76 pp.
21.
ChiouB. S.-J., and YoungsR. R., 2014. Update of the Chiou and Youngs NGA model for the average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra, Earthquake Spectra30, 1117–1153.
22.
DayS. M., GravesR., BielakJ., DregerD., LarsenS., OlsenK. B., PitarkaA., and Ramirez-GuzmanL., 2008. Model for basin effects on long-period response spectra in southern California, Earthquake Spectra24, 257–277.
23.
DelavaudE., CottonF., AkkarS., ScherbaumF., DanciuL., BeauvalC., DrouetS., DouglasJ., BasiliR., SandikkayaM. A., SegouM, FaccioliE., and TheodoulidisN., 2012. Toward a ground-motion logic tree for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in Europe, J. Seismol.16, 451–473.
24.
DonahueJ. L., and AbrahamsonN. A., 2013. Hanging Wall Scaling Using Finite-Fault Simulations, PEER NGA-West2 Database, PEER Report No. 2013/14, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
25.
DonahueJ. L., and AbrahamsonN. A., 2014. Simulation-based hanging wall effects, Earthquake Spectra30, 1269–1284.
26.
GregorN., AbrahamsonN. A., AtkinsonG. M., BooreD. M., BozorgniaY., CampbellK. W., ChiouB. S.-J., IdrissI. M., KamaiR., SeyhanE., SilvaW., StewartJ. P., and YoungsR., 2014. Comparison of NGA-West2 GMPEs, Earthquake Spectra30, 1179–1197.
27.
GhofraniH., and AtkinsonG. M., 2013. Site condition evaluation using horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios of earthquakes in the NGA-West2 and Japanese databases, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., in press.
28.
KamaiR., AbrahamsonN. A., and SilvaW. J., 2013. Nonlinear Horizontal Site Response for the NGA-West2 Project, PEER Report No. 2013/12, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 69 pp.
29.
KamaiR., AbrahamsonN. A., and SilvaW. J., 2014. Nonlinear horizontal site amplification for constraining the NGA-West2 GMPEs, Earthquake Spectra30, 1223–1240.
30.
LayT., and WallaceT. C., 1995. Modern Global Seismology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 521 pp.
31.
PowerM., ChiouB. S.-J., AbrahamsonN. A., BozorgniaY., ShantzT., and RobleeC., 2008. An overview of the NGA Project, Earthquake Spectra24, 3–21.
32.
Rodriguez-MarekA., and CottonF., 2011. Final Report: Single-Station Sigma Project, Prepared for the Pegasos Refinement Project, Report EXT-TB-1058.
33.
Rodriguez-MarekA., MontalvaG. A., CottonF., and BonillaF., 2011. Analysis of single-station standard deviation using the KiK-net data, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.101, 1242–1258.
34.
SeyhanE., and StewartJ. P., 2014. Semi-empirical nonlinear site amplification from NGA-West2 data and simulations, Earthquake Spectra30, 1241–1256.
35.
SpudichP., BaylessJ. R., BakerJ. W., ChiouB. S.-J., RowshandelB., ShahiS. K., and SomervilleP., 2013. Final Report of the NGA-West2 Directivity Working Group, PEER Report No. 2013/09, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 129 pp.
36.
SpudichP., RowshandelB., ShahiS. K., BakerJ. W., and ChiouB. S.-J., 2014. Comparison of NGA-West2 directivity models, Earthquake Spectra30, 1199–1221.
37.
StewartJ. P., and SeyhanE., 2013. Semi-Empirical Nonlinear Site Amplification and its Application in NEHRP Site Factors, PEER Report No. 2013/13, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 59 pp.
38.
StewartJ. P., SeyhanE., BooreD. M., CampbellK. W., ErdikM., SilvaW. J., Di AlessandroC., and BozorgniaY., 2012. Site effects in parametric ground motion models for the GEM-PEER global GMPEs project, in Proceedings, 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 2554, Lisbon, Portugal.
39.
WallingM., SilvaW. J., and AbrahamsonN. A., 2008. Nonlinear site amplification factors for constraining the NGA models, Earthquake Spectra24, 243–255.
40.
WellsD. L., and CoppersmithK. J., 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.84, 974–1002.
41.
WooddellK. E., and AbrahamsonN. A., 2014. Classification of main shocks and aftershocks in the NGA-West2 database, Earthquake Spectra30, 1257–1267.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
