A law known as the “Urban Renewal Law” for risk mitigation was passed in Turkey in May 2012. The major focus of the law is to reduce the expected seismic risk due to the vulnerability of existing buildings. For this purpose, new provisions are set forth to investigate and to classify seismically vulnerable residential buildings as quickly as possible. Afterward, such deficient buildings are demolished, and new buildings are constructed through the financing options provided by the government. Although the strengthening of deficient buildings still remains an option, it is not encouraged, especially for older structures with critical deficiencies. In this article, the technical provisions for seismic risk assessment are presented. Special emphases are given to member ductility and deformation limits to be used in linear elastic assessment procedures. A simple procedure, given as an option, to consider the beneficial presence of infill walls at low deformations is presented. Finally, results are given for case study buildings.
American Concrete Institute (ACI), 2013. Code Requirements for Evaluation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings (ACI 562-13) and Commentary, Farmington Hills.
3.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2000. Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, FEMA 356, Reston, VA.
4.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2007a. Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, Report No. ASCE/SEI 41-06, Reston, VA.
5.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2007b. Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, Report No. ASCE/SEI 41-06-Supplement 1, Reston, VA.
6.
AngelR. E.AbramsD. P.ShapiroD.UzarskiJ.and WebsterM.1994. Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Masonry Infill Walls, Structural Research Series Report, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
BerryM. P.ParrishM.and EberhardM. O.2004. PEER Structural Performance Database User's Manual, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
9.
BrokkenS.and BerteroV. V.1981. Studies on Effects of Infills in Seismic Resistant RC Construction, Report UCB/EERC, 81-12, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
10.
Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), 2005. Eurocode 8: Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures, European Prestandard ENV- Part 3: Assessment and Retrofitting of Existing Buildings, Brussels.
11.
CornellC. A.JalayerF.HamburgerR. O.and FoutchD. A.2002. Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC Federal Emergency Management Agency steel moment frame guidelines, ASCE J. Structural Engineering128, 526–33.
12.
ElwoodK. J.2003. Shake Table Tests and Analytical Studies on the Gravity Collapse of Reinforced Concrete Frames, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
ErgünerK.2009. Analytical Examination of Performance Limits for Shear Critical Reinforced Concrete Columns, M.S. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
15.
ErsoyU.and UzsoyS. Z.1971, The Behavior and Strength of Infilled Frames, Report No. MAG-205 TUBITAK, Ankara, Turkey.
16.
FioratoA. E.SozenM. A.and GambleW. L.1970. An Investigation Of The Interaction Of Reinforced Concrete Frames With Masonry Filler Walls, Technical Report to the Department of Defense Office of the Secretary of the Army Office of Civil Defense under Contract DACH 20-67-C-0136, Publisher University of Illinois, Urbana.
17.
GülkanP.and SozenA. M.1999. Procedure for determining seismic vulnerability of building structures, ACI Structural Journal96, 336–342.
18.
HaseltonC. B.LielA. B.TaylorL. S.and DeierleinG. G.2008. Beam-Column Element Model Calibrated for Predicting Flexural Response Leading to Global Collapse of RC Frame Buildings, PEER Rep. 2007/03, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
19.
HashemiA.and MosalamK. M.2007, Seismic Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Including Effects of Masonry Infill Walls, PEER Report No. 2007/100, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
20.
HassanA. F.and SozenM. A.1997. Seismic vulnerability assessment of low-rise buildings in regions with infrequent earthquakes, ACI Structural Journal94, 31–39.
21.
KazazI.GülkanP.and YakutA.2012. Deformation limits for structural walls with confined boundaries, Earthquake Spectra28, 1019–1046.
22.
KlingnerR. E.and BerteroV. V.1976. Infilled Frames in Earthquake Resistant Construction, Report No. EERC 76-32, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
23.
KrawinklerH.and NassarA. A.1992. Seismic design based on ductility and cumulative damage demands and capacities, in Nonlinear Seismic Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings (FajfarP. and KrawinklerH., Eds.), Elsevier Applied Science, New York.
24.
LangenbachR.1987. Masonry as a Ductile Material: Traditional and Contemporary Construction Practices Utilizing Unreinforced Masonry in Seismic Areas, The Masonry Society, 16–19 August 1987, University of California, Los Angeles.
25.
ManderJ. B.NairB.WojtkhowskiK.and MaJ.1993. An Experimental Study of the Seismic Performance of Brick Infilled Frames with and without Retrofit, Technical Report NCEER-93-0001, State University of New York at Buffalo.
26.
MemariA. M.LiangJ.and BurnettE. F. P.2003. Development of a Multi-hazard Resistant Panelized Brick Veneer Wall System, Proceedings of Structural Faults & Repair-2003, 1–3 July 2003, London.
27.
Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (MPWS), 2007. Specification for Buildings to Be Built in Seismic Zones (TEC 2007), Government of Republic of Turkey.
28.
Middle East Technical University-The Earthquake Engineering Research Center (METU-EERC), 2011. 23 October 2011 Mw=7.2 Van-Ercis Earthquake Reconnaissance Report, METU-EERC Report No. 2011-04, Ankara, Turkey.
29.
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MEU), 2012. The Urban Renewal Law for Regions under Disaster Risk, Law No: 6306, Official Gazette: Date, 28(309), Volume 52, Turkey.
30.
MosalamK. M.1996. Experimental and Computational Strategies for the Seismic Behavior Evaluation of Frames with Infill Walls, Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
NewmarkN. M.and HallW. J.1987. Earthquake Spectra and Design, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
33.
PanagiotakosT. B.and FardisM. N.2001. Deformations of reinforced concrete members at yielding and ultimate, ACI Structural Journal98, 135–148.
34.
PujolS.SözenM.and RamírezJ.2000. Transverse reinforcement for columns of RC frames to resist earthquakes, Journal of Structural Engineering126, 461–466.
35.
SezenH.2002. Seismic Behavior and Modeling of the Reinforced Concrete Building Columns, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
36.
SolmazT.2010. Evaluation of Performance-Based Displacement Limits for Reinforced Concrete Columns under Flexure, M.S. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
YakutA.BiniciB.OzcebeG.AyB. O.and AkanselV. H.2012. Calibration and Validation of the Provisions for the Seismic Risk Evaluation of Existing RC Buildings in Turkey under Urban Renewal Law, Report Submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Turkey.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
