We analyze the recorded responses of a 64-story, instrumented, concrete core shear wall building in San Francisco, California, equipped with tuned sloshing liquid dampers (TSDs) and buckling restraining braces (BRBs). Previously, only ambient data from the 72-channel array in the building were studied (Çelebi et al. 2013). Recently, the 24 August 2014 Mw 6.0 Napa and three other earthquakes were recorded. The peak accelerations of ambient and the larger Napa earthquake responses at the basement are 0.12 cm/s/s and 5.2 cm/s/s respectively—a factor of ∼42. At the 61st level, they are 0.30 cm/s/s (ambient) and 16.8 cm/s/s (Napa), respectively—a factor of ∼56. Fundamental frequencies (NS ∼ 0.3, EW ∼ 0.27 Hz) from earthquake responses vary within an insignificant frequency band of ∼0.02–0.03 Hz when compared to those from ambient data. In the absence of soil-structure interaction (SSI), these small and insignificant differences may be attributed to (1) identification errors, (2) any nonlinear behavior, and (3) shaking levels that are not large enough to activate the BRBs and TSDs to make significant shifts in frequencies and increase damping.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BendatJ. S., and PiersolA. G., 1980. Engineering Applications of Correlation and Spectral Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2.
BoroschekR. L., and MahinS. A., 1991. Investigation of the Seismic Response of a Lightly Damped Torsionally Coupled Building, Report UCB/EERC-91/18, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 291 pp.
3.
BoroschekR. L., MahinS. A., and ZerisC. A., 1990. Seismic response and analytical modeling of three instrumented buildings, in Proceedings of the 4th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Palm Springs, CA, v.2, 219–228.
4.
ÇelebiM., PhanL., and MarshallR., 1993. Dynamic characteristics of five tall buildings during strong, and low-level amplitude motions, International Journal of Design of Tall Buildings, John Wiley & Sons.
5.
ÇelebiM., OkawaI., KashimaT., KoyamaS., and IibaM., 2014. Response of a tall building far from the epicenter of the March 11, 2011 M = 9.0 Great East Japan earthquake and its aftershocks, Journal of the Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings23, 427–441.
6.
ÇelebiM., 2004. Responses of a 14-story (Anchorage, Alaska) building to far-distance (Mw = 7.9) Denali Fault (2002) and near distance earthquakes in 2002, Earthquake Spectra20, 693–706.
7.
ÇelebiM., 2006. Recorded earthquake responses from the integrated seismic monitoring network of the Atwood Building, Anchorage, Alaska, Earthquake Spectra22, 847–864.
8.
ÇelebiM., 2007a. Beating effect identified from seismic responses of instrumented buildings, in New Horizons and Better Practices (LyonsR., ed.), ASCE Structures Congress 2007, Long Beach, CA, 16–19 May 2007, 1–12. doi:0.1061/40946(248)14.
9.
ÇelebiM., 2007b. On the variation of fundamental frequency (period) of an undamaged building – A continuing discussion, Int'l. Conf. on Experimental Vibration Analyses for Civil Engineering Structures, Porto, Portugal, 24–26.
10.
ÇelebiM., 2016. Responses of a 58-story RC dual core shear wall and outrigger frame building inferred from two earthquakes, Earthquake Spectra32, 2449–2471.
11.
ÇelebiM., OkawaI., KashimaT., KoyamaS., and IibaM., 2012. Response of a tall building far from the epicenter of the March 11, 2011 M = 9.0 Great East Japan earthquake and its aftershocks, paper no. 0291, in Proceedings. 15th WCEE, Lisbon, Portugal, 24–28 September 2012.
12.
ÇelebiM., HuangM., ShakalA., HooperJ., and KlemencicR., 2013. Ambient response of a unique performance-based design tall building with dynamic response modification features, Journal of The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings22, 816–829, doi:10.1002/tal.1093.
13.
ÇelebiM., KashimaT., GhahariF., AbazarsaF., and TacirogluE., 2016a. Responses of a tall building with US code-type instrumentation in Tokyo, Japan to events before, during and after the Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011, Earthquake Spectra32, 497–522.
14.
ÇelebiM., Yoshiaki HisadaY., OmraniR., GhahariF., and Taciroglu, 2016b. Responses of two tall buildings in Tokyo, Japan, before, during, and after the M9.0 Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011, Earthquake Spectra32, 463–495.
15.
ÇelebiM., UlusoyH., and NakataN., 2016c. Responses of a tall building in Los Angeles, California as inferred from local and distant earthquakes, Earthquake Spectra32, 1821–1843. doi:10.1193/050515EQS065M.
16.
ClintonJ. F., BradfordS. C., HeatonT. H., and FavelaJ., 2006. The observed wander of the natural frequencies in a structure, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America96, 237–257.
17.
FieldE. H., BiasiG. P., BirdP., DawsonT. E., FelzerK. R., JacksonD. D., JohnsonK. M., JordanT. H., MaddenC., MichaelA. J., MilnerK. R., PageM. T., ParsonsT., PowersP. M., ShawB. E., ThatcherW. R., WeldonR. J.II, and ZengY., 2015. Long-term time-dependent probabilities for the third Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF3), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America105, 511–543.
18.
FumalT., 1978. Correlations between Seismic Wave Velocities and Physical Properties of Near-Surface Geologic Materials in The Southern San Francisco Bay Region, California, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1067.
19.
FumalT., 1991. A Compilation of the Geology and Measured and Estimated Shear-Wave Velocity Profiles at Strong-Motion Stations that Recorded the Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-311.
20.
GoelR.K., and ChopraA. K., 1997. Vibration Properties of Buildings Determined from Recorded Earthquake Motions, Report No. UCB/EERC-97/14, University of California, Berkeley, 271 pp.
21.
International Building Code, 2012. International Building Code, Falls Church, VA.
22.
IrieY., and NakamuraK., 2000. Dynamic characteristics of a RC-building of five stories based on microtremor measurements, and earthquake observations, in 12th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
23.
JuangJ. N., 1994. Applied System Identification, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 394 pp.
24.
Los Angeles Tall Buildings Design Council (LATBSDC), 2015. An alternative procedure for seismic analyses and design of tall buildings located in the Los Angeles region: A consensus document, 54 pp., August 14, 2015, available at http://www.tallbuildings.org (last accessed 16 February 2016.
25.
LjungL., 1987. System Identification: Theory and User, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
26.
The Mathworks, 2013. Matlab and Toolboxes, South Natick, MA.
27.
MeliR., FaccioliE., Murià-VilaD., QuaasR., and PaolucciR., 1998. A study of site effects and seismic response of an instrumented building in Mexico City, Journal of Earthquake Engineering2, 89–111.
28.
MichelC., GuéguenP., and BardP.-Y., 2008. Dynamic parameters of structures extracted from ambient vibration measurements: An aid for the seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings in moderate seismic hazard regions, Soil Dynamics Earthquake Engineering28, 593–604.
29.
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), 2010. PEER Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings Developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) as part of the Tall Buildings Initiative, Report No. 2010/05, University of California, Berkeley, available at http://peer.berkeley.edu/publications/peer_reports/reports_2010/web_PEER2010_05_GUIDELINES.pdf (last accessed 19 February 2016).
30.
RahmaniM., and TodorovskaM. I., 2014. 1D system identification of a 54-story steel frame building by seismic interferometry, Earthquake Eng. and Structural Dynamics43, 627–640.
31.
SatakeN., SudaK., ArakawaT., SasakiA., and TamuraY., 2003. Damping evaluation using full-scale data of buildings in Japan, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering129, 470–477.
32.
SchlockerJ., 1974. Geology of the San Francisco North Quadrangle, California, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 782, 109 pp.
33.
Treadwell & Rollo, Inc., 2004. Updated Geotechnical Investigation, One Rincon Hill, 425 First Street, San Francisco, California, dated 20 February 2004.
34.
Van OverscheeP., and De MoorB., 1996. Subspace Identification for Linear Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
35.
VenturaC., LaverickB., BrinckerR., and AndersenP., 2003. Comparison of dynamic Characteristics of two instrumented tall buildings, in Proceedings of the 21st International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC), Kissimmee, FL.
