Nonstructural components and systems are typically connected to concrete structures by means of post-installed anchors. Despite their widespread use, very little is known about the behavior of post-installed anchors when used in a system and loaded during an earthquake. The study presented in this paper was conducted to investigate the seismic performance of suspended model non-structural components connected by post-installed anchors to a concrete slab. The concrete slab was mounted in a special loading rig on a shake table and subjected to a series of floor motions simulating the acceleration histories at specific floor levels of typical reinforced concrete buildings of variable heights. Simultaneously, the anchors supporting the component were set in predefined cracks, which opened and closed according to pre-calculated crack histories. This unique test setup allowed evaluation of the performance of anchors and attached components under realistic boundary and loading conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318, 2011. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, Farmington Hills, MI.
2.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) 355.2, 2007. Qualification Of Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in Concrete, Farmington Hills, MI.
3.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7, 2010. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Reston, VA.
4.
BergmeisterK.1988. Stochastik in der Befestigungstechnik mit realistischen Einflussgrößen (Stochastic in fastening technology under realistic variables). Ph.D. Thesis, Universität Innsbruck, Austria (in German).
5.
ChopraA.2007. Dynamics of Structures – Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, 3rd Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
6.
DurkinM. and ThielC.1992. Improving measures to reduce earthquake casualties, Earthquake Spectra8, 95–113.
7.
EligehausenR. and BaloghT.1995. Behavior of fasteners loaded in tension in cracked reinforced concrete, ACI Struct. J.92, 365–379.
8.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 356, 2000. Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation Of Buildings, Washington, D.C.
9.
FranchiA.RosatiG.CattaneoS.CrespiP. and MuciacciaG.2009. Experimental investigation on post-installed metal anchors subjected to seismic loading in R/C members, Studies and Researches29, 277–294.
10.
GriffinM. and WinnV.2009. Nonstructural seismic performance for facilities in seismic regions: is the expected earthquake performance really being achieved, in Proceedings of the ATC & SEI 2009 Conference on Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structures, 651–662, San Francisco, CA.
11.
HoehlerM.2006. Behavior and Testing of Fastenings to Concrete for Use in Seismic Applications, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
12.
HoehlerM.MotoyuiS.KasaiK.SatoY.HikinoT. and HiraseK.2012. Ceiling anchorage loads during shake table tests of a full-scale five-story building, Earthquake Spectra28, 1447–1467.
13.
HoehlerM.PanagiotouM.RestrepoJ.SilvaJ.FlorianiL.BourgundU. and GassnerH.2009. Performance of suspended pipes and their anchorages during shake table testing of a seven-story building, Earthquake Spectra25, 71–91.
14.
HutchinsonT. and WoodR.2013. Cyclic load protocol for anchored nonstructural components and systems, Earthquake Spectra29, 817–842.
15.
MagenesG.1989. Design, Analysis, and Calibration of UCSD Shake Table, M.S. thesis, University of California, San Diego, CA.
16.
MahrenholtzP.2012. Experimental Performance and Recommendations for Qualification of Post-Installed Anchors for Seismic Application, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
17.
MahrenholtzP.HutchinsonT. and EligehausenR.2012a. Shake Table Tests on Anchors Connecting Suspended Components to Cyclically Cracked Concrete, Structural Systems Research Project Series SSRP 12/01, University of California, San Diego, CA.
18.
MahrenholtzP.HutchinsonT.EligehausenR. and HofmannJ.2012b. Shake table tests: Seismic performance of anchors connecting nonstructural components, in Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (15WCEE), Paper #2751, Lisbon.
19.
MahrenholtzP.EligehausenR. and HutchinsonT.2013. Correlation of anchor load and crack width amplitudes for anchors connecting nonstructural components to concrete, in Proceedings of the Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2013 (VEESD 2013), Paper #64, Vienna.
20.
MahrenholtzP.HutchinsonT. and EligehausenR.2014a. Shake table tests on suspended nonstructural components anchored in cyclically cracked concrete, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 140, 11.
21.
MahrenholtzP.EligehausenR. and HutchinsonT.2014b. Seismic displacement behavior of anchors connecting nonstructural components to cycling cracked concrete, in Proceedings of the Second European Earthquake Conference (2ECEE), Paper #3161, Istanbul.
22.
MasekJ. and RidgeR.2009. Identification of Methods to Achieve Successful Implementation of Nonstructural and Equipment Seismic Restraints, EERI Report, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
23.
MirandaE.MosquedaG.RetamalesR. and PekcanG.2012. Performance of non-structural components during the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake, Earthquake Spectra28, 453–471.
24.
PEER Database, 2010. Strong Motion Database of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), retrieved from http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat/.
25.
PenelisG. and KapposA.1997. Earthquake Resistant Concrete Structures, Taylor & Francis, Oxon, UK.
26.
SchulerD.2007. Erdbebensicherheit von nichtragenden Bauteilen, Installationen und Einrichtungen (Earthquake resistance of nonstructural components), in Proceedings, Tag der Befestigungstechnik, 01.03.2007, Zürich, Switzerland (in German).
27.
TaghaviS. and MirandaE.2003. Response assessment of nonstructural building elements, PEER Technical Report 2003/05, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering, CA.
28.
WatkinsD.ChuiL.HutchinsonT. and HoehlerM.2009. Survey and characterization of floor and wall mounted mechanical and electrical equipment in buildings, Structural Systems Research Project SSRP 2009/11, University of California, San Diego, CA.
29.
WatkinsD. and HutchinsonT.2011. Seismic Performance of Nonstructural Components Anchored in Concrete with Cyclic Cracks, Structural Systems Research Project Series SSRP 2010/07, University of California, San Diego, CA.
30.
WatkinsD.HutchinsonT. and HoehlerM.2012. Cyclic crack and inertial loading system for investigating anchor seismic behavior, ACI Struct. J.109, 457–466.
31.
WoodR. and HutchinsonT.2013. Crack protocols for anchored components and systems, ACI Struct. J.110, 391–401.
32.
WoodR.HutchinsonT. and HoehlerM.2010. Cyclic Load and Crack Protocols for Anchored Nonstructural Components and Systems, Structural Systems Research Project Series SSRP 2009/12, University of California, San Diego, CA.
