Abstract
Since antiquity philosophers have debated the necessity of group differences and violent conflict. Analyzing the tensions in Sigmund Freud's modern contribution to this discussion reveals a symptomatic crisis in the history of his thought. Although most of his oeuvre commits Freud to a view that group differences are hereditary and biologically insuperable, his last published work, Moses and Monotheism (1938), for the purpose of saving the law of the father, elaborates a theory of group differences based on formal kinship rules.
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