The prehospital treatment of severe extremity bleeding has remained unchanged for years and relies on compression with absorbent gauze dressings. Advances in haemostasis technology have identified several new methods of improving bleeding control. These are examined with a view to possible inclusion in a new prehospital dressing aimed at reducing the degree of exsanguination and associated mortality and morbidity from a major extremity injury.
Abbott WM, Austen WG.1975. The effectiveness and mechanism of collagen-induced topical hemostasis. Surgery78(6): 723-729.
2.
Alam HB, Uy GB, Miller Det al.2002. Comparative analysis of hemostatic agentsin a swine modelof lethal extremity injury. Retrieved from http://www.z-medica.com
3.
Bellamy RF.1984. Causes of death in conventional warfare. Mil Med149: 55-62.
4.
Blaine G.1947. Experimental observations on absorbable alginate products. Ann Surg125: 102-114.
5.
Blair SD, Jarvis P, Salmon Met al.1990. Clinical trial of calcium alginate haemostatic swabs. Br J Surg77(5): 568-570.
6.
Brandenberg G, Leibrock LG, Shuman Ret al.1984. Chitosan: a new topical hemostatic agent for diffuse capillary bleeding in brain tissue. Neurosurgery15(1): 9-13.
7.
Carbon RT, Baar S, Waldschmidt Jet al.2002. Innovative minimally invasive paediatric surgery is of therapeutic value for splenic injury. J Paediatr Surg37(8): 1146-1150.
8.
Chapman WC, Clavien PA, Fung Jet al.2000. Effective control of hepatic bleeding with a novel collagen-based composite combined with autologous plasma: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg135(10): 1200-1204.
9.
Coln D, Horton J, Ogden MEet al.1983. Evaluation of hemostatic agents in experimental splenic lacerations. Am J Surg145(2): 256-259.
10.
Coquin JY, Sebahouin G, Fontaine Met al.1987. Use of collagen for the control of local bleeding after jugular vein catheterization in thrombopenic patients. Curr Ther Res42: 1066-1066.
11.
CoStasis Multi-Center Collaborative Writing Committee. 2001. A novelcollagen-based composite offers effective hemostasis in multiple surgical indications: results of a randomized controlled trial. Surgery129(4): 445-450.
12.
Groves AR, Lawrence JC.1986. Alginate dressing as a donor site haemostat. Ann R Coll Surg Engl68: 27-28.
13.
Holcomb JB, Pusateri AE, Harris RAet al.1999a. Dry fibrin sealant dressings reduce blood loss, resuscitation volume and improve survival in hypothermic coagulopathic swine with grade V liver injuries. J Trauma47(2): 233-242.
14.
Holcomb JB, Pusateri AE, Harris RAet al.1999b. Effect of dry fibrin sealant dressings versus gauze packingon blood loss in grade V liver injuries in resuscitated swine. J Trauma46(1): 49-57.
15.
Holcomb JB, McClain JM, Pusateri AEet al.2000. Fibrin sealant foam sprayed directly on liver injuries decreases blood loss in resuscitated rats. J Trauma49(2): 246-250.
16.
Hynynen K, Colucci V, Chung Aet al.1996. Non-invasive arterial occlusion using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol22(8): 1071-1077.
17.
Ikeda Y, Young LH, Vournakis JNet al.2002. Vascular effects of poly-N-acetylyglucoseamine in isolated rat aortic rings. J Surg Res102(2): 215-220.
18.
Izbicki JR, Kreusser T, Meier Met al.1994. Fibrin-glue-coated collagen fleece in lung surgery<Eth>experimental comparison with infrared coagulation and clinical experience. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg42(5): 306-309.
19.
Jackson MR, Friedman SA, Carter AJet al.1997. Haemostatic efficacy of a fibrin sealant-based topical agent in a femoral artery injury model: a randomized blinded placebo-controlled study. J Vasc Surg26(2): 274-280.
20.
Jarvis PM, Galvin DAJ, Blair SDet al.1987. How does calcium alginate achieve haemostasis in surgery?Thromb Haemost58: 80-80.
21.
Jasmin J, Fontaine M.1987. Effectiveness of a haemostatic collagen dressing compared with regenerated oxidized cellulose in oral surgery. Curr Ther Res42: 172-172.
22.
Klokkevold PR, Lew DS, Ellis DGet al.1991. Effect of chitosan on lingual hemostasis in rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg49(8): 858-863.
23.
Klokkevold PR, Subar P, Fukayama Het al.1992. Effect of chitosan on lingual hemostasis in rabbits with platelet dysfunction induced by epoprostenol. J Oral Maxillofac Surg50(1): 41-45.
24.
Klokkevold PR, Fukayama H, Sung ECet al.1999. The effect of chitosan (poly-N-acetyl glucosamine) on lingual haemostasis in heparinized rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg57(1): 49-52.
25.
Larson MJ, Bowersox JC, Lim RCet al.1995. Efficacy of a fibrin haemostatic bandage in controlling haemorrhage from experimental arterial injuries. Arch Surg130(4): 420-422.
26.
Lippert H, Wolff H.1990. Experiences with the use of fibrin sealing. Zentrabl Chir115: 1175-1180.
27.
Matthew IR, Browne RM, Frame JWet al.1993. Tissue response to a haemostatic alginate wound dressing in tooth extraction sockets. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg31: 165-169.
28.
Matthew IR, Browne RM, Frame JWet al.1994. Alginate fibre dressing for oral mucosal wounds. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path77: 456-460.
29.
Matthew TL, Spotnitz WD, Kron ILet al.1990. Four years experience with fibrin sealant in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Ann Thorac Surg50: 40-44.
30.
McCarthy SJ, Gregory KW.2002. Effect of Oregon Medical Laser Center (OMLC)/HemCon chitosan haemostatic dressing after aortic injury in swine. In press.
31.
Mian M, Beghe F, Mian E.1992. Collagen as a pharmocological approach in wound healing. Int J Tiss Reac14(Suppl): 1-9.
32.
Ochsner MG, Maniscalco-Theberge ME, Champion HR.1990. Fibrin glue as a hemostatic agent in hepatic and splenic trauma. J Trauma30: 884-887.
33.
Parker SJ, Brown D, Hill PFet al.1999. Fibrinogen-impregnated collagen as a combined haemostatic agent and antibiotic delivery system in a porcine model of splenic trauma. Eur J Surg165(6): 609-614.
34.
Prior JJ, Powers N, DeLustro F.2000. Efficacy of a novel hemostatic agent in animal models of impaired hemostasis. J Biomed Mater Res53(3): 252-257.
35.
Pusateri AE, Holcomb JB, Harris RAet al.1997. Hemodynamic effect of intravenous bovine or human thrombin in swine. Thromb Haemost77(Suppl): S251-S251.
36.
Pusateri AE, McCarthy SJ, Gregory KWet al.2003. Effect of chitosan-based haemostatic dressing on blood loss and survival in a model of severe venous haemorrhage and hepatic injury in swine. J Trauma54(1): 177-182.
37.
Pusteri AE.Effect of Quick Clot topical haemostatic on haemostasis and blood loss in a model of severe venoushaemorrhage and hepatic injury in swine. In press.
38.
Rao SB, Sharma CP.1997. Use of chitosan as a biomaterial: studies on its safety and haemostatic potential. J Biomed Mater Res34(1): 21-28.
39.
Reddy M, Schoggel A, Reddy Bet al.2002. A clinical study of a fibrinogen-based collagen fleece for dural closure in neurosurgery. Acta Neurochir(Wien)144(3): 265-269.
40.
Rhee P. 2002. Personal communication, November 2002.
41.
Santoro SA, CunninghamLW.1979. Fibronectinandthe multiple interaction model for platelet-collagen adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA)76: 2644-2644.
42.
Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EEet al.1995. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma38: 185-193.
43.
Segal HC, Hunt BJ, Gilding K.1998. The effects of alginate and non-alginate wound dressings on blood coagulation and platelet activation. J Biomater Appl12: 249-257.
44.
Shadle PA, Barondes SH.1982. Adhesion of human platelets to immobilized trimeric collagen. J Cell Biol95: 361-361.
45.
Shaffrey CI, Spotnitz WD, Shaffrey MEet al.1990. Neurosurgical applications of fibrin glue: augmentation of dural closure in 134 patients. Neurosurgery26(2): 207-210.
46.
Sharp JF, Rogers MJC, Riad Met al.1991. Combined study to assess the role of calcium alginate swabs and ligation of the inferior tonsillar pole in the control of intraoperative blood loss during tonsillectomy. J Otolaryngol and Otol105: 191-194.
47.
Vaezy S, Martin R, Schmiedl Uet al.1997. Liver hemostasis using high-intensity focused ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol23(9): 1413-1420.
48.
Vaezy S, Martin R, Keilman Get al.1999a. Control of splenic bleeding using high intensity ultrasound. J Trauma47: 521-525.
49.
Vaezy S, Martin R, Kaczkowski Pet al.1999b. Use of high-intensity focused ultrasound to control bleeding. J Vasc Surg29(3): 533-542.
50.
Vaezy S, Martin R, Mourad Pet al.1999c. Hemostasis using high intensity focused ultrasound. Eur J Ultrasound9: 79-87.
51.
Vaezy S, Martin R, Crum L.2001. High intensity focused ultra-sound: a method of hemostasis. Echocardiography18(4): 309-315.
