The demands for repair and renewal of worn out or injured human tissue grow year on year<Eth> it is a demand that cannot be met from live human donors. A partial solution may be found from cadaveric or trans-species transplantation of tissue, but these approaches are steeped in the problems of disease transfer and ethical dilemma. Tissue engineering is a new technology that seeks to meet these increasing demands by utilizing novel cell culture methods in vitro to provide tissue replacements in vivo. This article reviews the current state of tissue engineering and its potential for use in the realms of trauma surgery.
Attawia MA, Devin JE, Laurencin CT.1995. Immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy studies of osteoblast growth and phenotypic expression in three-dimensional degradable synthetic matrices. J Biomed Mater Res29: 843-848.
2.
Badylak SF, Lantz GC, Cofey A, Geddes LA.1989. Small intestine submucosa as a large diameter vascular graft in the dog. J Surg Res47: 74-80.
3.
Bellantone M, Williams HD, Hench LL.2002. Broad-spectrum bacteriacidal activity of Ag(2)O-doped bioactive glasses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother46: 1940-1945.
4.
Bieganski RM, Fowler A, Morgan JR, Toner M.1998. Stabilization of active recombinant retroviruses in an amorphous dry state with trehalose. Biotechnol Pro14: 615-620.
5.
Bisceglie V.1933. Uber die antineoplastische Immunitat; heterologe Einpflanzung von Tumoten in Huhner-Embryonen. Ztschr Krebsforsch40: 122-140.
6.
Boyce ST, Warden GD.2002. Principles and practices for treatment of cutaneous wounds with cultured skin substitutes. Am J Surg183: 445-456.
7.
Boyce ST, Greenhalgh DG, Kagan RJet al.1993. Skin anatomy and antigen expression after burn wound closure with composite grafts of cultured skin cells and biopolymers. Plast Reconstr Surg91: 632-641.
8.
Boyce ST, Kagan RJ, Meyer NAet al.1999. The 1999 clinical research award. Cultured skin substitutes combined with Integra to replace native skin autograft and allograft for closure of full thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil20: 453-461.
Brittberg M, Tallheden T, Sjogren-Jansson Bet al.2001. Auto-logous chondrocytes used for articular repair: an update. Clin Orthop391(suppl): S337-S348.
11.
Brockbank KGM.2002. Stabilization of tissue-engineered products for transportation and extended shelf-life. Ann NY Acad Sci961: 265-267.
12.
Cao Y, Vacanti JP, Paige KTet al.1997. Transplantation of chondrocyte sutilizing a polymer-cell construct to produce a tissue-engineered cartilage in the shape of a human ear. Plast Reconstr Surg100: 297-302.
13.
Chou TD, Chen SL, Lee TWet al.2001. Reconstruction of burn scar of the upper extremities with artificial skin. Plast Reconstr Surg108: 378-384.
14.
Coetzee AS.1980. Regeneration of bone in the presence of calcium sulfate. Arch Otolaryngol106: 405-409.
15.
Conte MS.1998. The ideal small arterial substitute: a search for the Holy Grail?FASEB J12: 43-45.
16.
Desai MH, Mlakar JM, McCauley RLet al.1991. Lack of long term durability of cultured keratinocyte burn wound coverage: a case report. J Burn Care Rehabil12: 540-545.
17.
Green WTJ.1977. Articular cartilage repair: behavior of rabbit chondrocytes during tissue culture and subsequentallografting. Clin Orthop124: 237-250.
18.
Hiles MC, BadylakSF, Lantz GCet al.1995.Mechanicalproper-ties of xenogeneic small-intestine submucosa when used as an aortic graft in the dog. J Biomed Mat Res29: 883-891.
19.
Jarcho M.1981. Calcium phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res157: 259-278.
20.
Kaihara S, Kim S, Benvenuto Met al.1999. End-to-end anastamosis between tissue engineered intestine and native small bowel. Tissue Eng5: 339-346.
21.
Kanda K, Matsuda T, Oka T.1994. Mechanical stress-induced orientation and ultrastructural change of smooth muscle cells cultured in three-dimensional collagen lattices. Cell Transplant3: 481-492.
22.
Lalan S, Pomerantseva I, Vacanti JP.2001. Tissue engineering and its potential impact on surgery. World J Surg25: 1458-1466.
23.
Laurencin CT, Ambrosio AMA, Borden MD, Cooper Jr JA. 1999. Tissue engineering: orthopaedic applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng01: 19-46.
24.
Leor J, Patterson, M, Quinones MJet al.1996. Transplantation of fetal myocardial tissue into the infarcted myocardium of rat. A potential method of repair of infarcted myocardium? Circulation94(Suppl II): 332-332.
25.
L’Heureux N, Paquet S, Labbe Ret al.1998. A completely biological tissue-engineered human blood vessel. FASEB J12: 47056-47056.
26.
Liu Y, Kim D, Himes BTet al.1999. Transplants of fibroblast genetically modified to express BDNF promote regeneration of adult rat rubrospinal axons and recovery of forelimb function. J Neurosci19: 4370-4387.
27.
Mazzucotelli JP, Moczar M, Zede Let al.1994. Human vascular endothelial cells on expanded PTFE pre-coated with an engineered protein adhesion factor. Int J Artif Org17: 112-117.
28.
Merwin GE, Atkins JS, Wilson J, Hench LL.1982. Comparison of ossicular replacement materials in a mouse ear model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg90(4): 461-469.
29.
Milstone L, Asgari M, Schwartz P, Hardin-Young J.2000. Growth factor expression, healing and structural characteristics of Graftskin (Apligraf1). Wounds12(5 Suppl A): 12-19A.
Niklason LE, Gao J, Abbott WMet al.1999. Functional arteries grown in vitro. Science284: 489-493.
32.
Oberpenning F, Meng J, Yoo JJ, Atala A.1999. De novo reconstitution of a functional mammalian urinary bladder by tissue engineering. Nat Biotech17: 149-155.
33.
Patel NH, Butler PEM, Buttery Let al.2002. Tissue engineering in ENT surgery. J Laryngol Otol116: 165-169.
34.
Peterson L, Minas T, Brittberg M, et al.2000. Two-to 9-year outcome after autologous chondrocyte transplantation of the knee. Clin Orthop374: 212-234.
35.
Philips TJ, Manzoor J, Rojas Aet al.2002. The longevity of a bilayered skin substitute after application to venous ulcers. Arch Dermatol138(8): 1079-1081.
36.
Polgie C, Smith AY, Parkes AS.1949. Revival of spermatazoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. Nature164: 666-666.
37.
Puelacher W, Mooney D, Langer Ret al.1994a. Design of nasoseptal cartilage replacements synthesized from biodegradable polymers and chondrocytes. Biomaterials15: 774-774.
38.
Puelacher W, Wisser J, Vacanti CAet al.1994b. Temperom andibular joint disc replacement made by tissue-engineered growth of cartilage. J Oral Maxillofac Surg52: 1172-1172.
39.
Roeder R, Wolfe J, Lianakis Net al.1999. Compliance, elastic modulus and burst pressure of small intestine submucosa (SIS), small diameter vascular grafts. J Biomed Mat Res47: 65-70.
40.
Rozga J, Podesta L, LePage Eet al.1994. A bioartificial liver to treat severe acute liver failure. Ann Surg219: 538-538.
41.
Sandusky GE, Lantz GC, BadylakSF. 1995.Healing comparison of small intestine submucosa and ePTFE grafts in the canine carotid artery. J Surg Res58: 415-420.
42.
Seliktar D, Black RA, Vito RP, Nerem RM.2000. Dynamic mechanical conditioning of collagen-gel blood vessel constructs induces remodelling in vitro. Ann Biomed Eng28: 351-362.
43.
Sepulveda P, Jones JR, Hench LL.2002. Bioactive sol-gel foams for tissue repair. J Biomed Mater Res59(2): 340-348.
44.
Shang QX, Liu YC, Liu Wet al. 2001. Repairing porcine large full-thickness defects in articular cartilage using autologous chondrocyte engineered cartilage. Plastic Surgery Research Council 46th Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, 2001.
45.
Shapoff CA, Alexander DC, Clark AE.1997. Clinical use of bioactive glass particulate in the treatment of human osseous defects. Compend Contin Educ Dent18: 352-363.
46.
Song YC, Khiribadi BS, Lightfoot Fet al.2000. Vitreous cryo-preservation maintains the function of vascular grafts. Nat Biotechnol18: 296-299.
47.
Steenfos HH, Jansson J.1992. Gene expression of insulin-like growth factor-1and IGF-1 receptor during wound healingin rats. Eur J Surg158: 327-331.
48.
Stern R, McPherson M, LongakerMT. 1990.Histologic study of artificial skin used in the treatment of full-thickness thermal injury. J Burn Care Rehabil11(1): 7-13.
49.
Strom SC, Chowdhury JR, Fox IJ.1999. Hepatocyte transplantation for the treatment of human disease. Semin Liver Dis19: 39-48.
50.
Swope VB, Supp AP, Cornelius JRet al.1997. Regulation of pigmentation in cultured skin substitutes by cytometric sorting of melanocytes and keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol109: 289-295.
51.
Weinberg CB, Bell E.1986. A blood vessel model constructed from collagen and cultured vascular cells. Science231: 397-400.
52.
Whittamore A.1995. Infrainguinal bypass. In: Rutherford R ed. Vascular Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp. 23-31.
53.
Xynos ID, Edgar A, Buttery LDKet al.2001. Gene-expression profiling of human osteoblasts following treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass 45S5 dissolution. J Biomed Mat Res55: 151-157.
