Abstract
A 29-year-old woman presented with multiple rheumatoid nodules in both hands. Clinical features and supportive laboratory investigations revealed antiphospholipid syndrome. A review of rheumatoid nodules and cutaneous manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome is presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Hughes GRV
,
Harris NN
,
Gharavi AE
. The anticardiolipin syndrome . J Rheumatol
1986 ; 13 : 486 –489 .
2.
Alegre VA
,
Gastineau DA
,
Winkelmann RK
. Skin lesions associated with circulating lupus anticoagulant . Br J Dermatol
1989 ; 120 : 419 –429 .
3.
Asherson RA
et al. The spectrum of livedo reticularis and anti-cardiolipin antibodies . Br J Dermatol
1989 ; 120 : 215 –222 .
4.
Grobb JJ
,
Bonerandi JJ
. Cutaneous manifestations associated with the presence of the lupus anticoagulant . J Am Acad Dermatol
1986 ; 15 : 211 –219 .
5.
Asherson, RA
,
Jacobelli S
,
Rosenberg H
,
McKee P
,
Hughes GRV
. Skin nodules and macules resembling vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome – a report of two cases . Clin Exp Dermatol
1992 ; 17 : 266 –269 .
6.
Renfro L
,
Franks AG
,
Grodberg M
,
Kamino H
. Painful nodules in a young female . Arch Dermatol
1992 ; 128 : 847 –848 .
7.
Koopman WJ
. Arthritis and allied conditions (13th edn ). Williams & Wilkins , Baltimore , 1997 ; 1050 –1051 .
8.
Duthie JJR
,
Brown PE
,
Truelove LH
,
Baragar FD
,
Lawrie AJ
. Course and prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis . Ann Rheum Dis
1964 ; 23 : 193 –204 .
9.
Wolf P
,
Gretler J
,
Aglas F
,
Auer-Grumback P
,
Rainer F
. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: their relation to rheumatoid nodules and cutaneous vascular manifestations . Br J Dermatol
1994 ; 131 : 48 –51 .
10.
Hahn BH
,
Yardley JH
,
Stevens MB
. Rheumatoid nodules in systemic lupus erythematosus . Ann Intern Med
1970 ; 79 : 49 –58 .
11.
London MG
,
Bland GH
. Ankylosing spondylitis with subcutaneous nodules . New Engl J Med
1962 ; 268 : 991 –993 .
12.
Hannonen P
,
Mottonen T
,
Oka M
. Palindromic rheumatism. A clinical survey of sixty patients . Scand J Rheumatol
1987 ; 16 : 413 –420 .
13.
Ginsberg MH
,
Genaut HK
,
Yu TF
,
McCarty DJ
. Rheumatoid nodulosis: an unusual variant of rheumatoid disease . Arthritis Rheum
1975 ; 18 : 49 –58 .
14.
Draheim JH
,
Johnson LC
,
Helwig EB
. A clinical pathologic analysis of ‘rheumatoid’ nodules occurring in 54 children . Am J Pathol
1959 ; 35 : 679 –682 .
15.
Fitz JG
,
Petri M
,
Hellman D
. Chronic active hepatitis presenting with rheumatoid nodules and arthritis . J Rheumatol
1987 ; 14 : 595 –598 .
16.
Ziff M
. The rheumatoid nodule . Arthritis Rheum
1990 ; 33 : 761 –767 .
17.
Moore CP
,
Wilkens RF
. The subcutaneous nodule: its significance in the diagnosis of rheumatic disease . Semin Arthritis Rheum
1977 ; 7 : 63 –79 .
