Recurrent pregnancy loss is now considered a treatable clinical condition associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. The management of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome is mainly based on the use of antiaggregant/anticoagulant agents (with aspirin and heparin) to prevent thrombosis in the uteroplacental circulation. Interventions with these drug therapies and monitored pregnancy have increased fetal survival.
Balasch J , Carmona J , Creus M , Font J , Cervera R.Management of reproductive failure in the antiphospholipid syndrome. In Asherson RA , Cervera R , Piette JC , Shoenfeld Y eds. The antiphospholipid syndrome. II Autoimmune thrombosis. Amsterdam: Elsevier2002: 375-394.
2.
Fishman P , Falach-Vaknine E , Zigelman Ret al.Prevention of fetal loss in experimental anti-phospholipid syndrome by in vitro administration of recombinant interleukin-3 . J Clin Invest1993; 91: 1834-1837 .
3.
Krause I , Blank M , Gilbrut B , Shoenfeld Y.The effect of aspirin on recurrent fetal loss in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome . Am J Reprod Immunol1993; 29: 155-161 .
4.
Shoenfeld Y , Blank M , Shere Y.Induction and treatment of the antiphospholipid syndrome-lessons from animal models . Eur J Clin Invest2001; 31: 736-740 .
5.
Cowchock S.Prevention of fetal death in the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome . Lupus1996; 5: 467-472 .
6.
Coomarasamy A , Papaioannou S , Gee H , Khan KS.Aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia in women with abnormal uterine artery doppler: a meta-analysis . Obstet Gynecol2001; 98: 861-866 .
7.
Balasch J , Carmona F , López-Soto Aet al.Low-dose aspirin for prevention of pregnancy losses in women with primary antiphospholipid syndrome . Hum Reprod1993; 8: 2234-2239 .
8.
Carmona F , Font J , Cervera Ret al.Obstetrical outcome of pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of 60 cases . Eur J Obstet Gynecol1999; 83: 137-142 .
9.
Carmona F , Font J , Azulay Met al.Risk factors associated with fetal losses in treated antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies: a multivariate analysis . Am J Reprod Immunol2001; 46: 274-279 .
10.
Silver RK , MacGregor SN , Sholl JSet al.Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive obstetric patients . Am J Obstet Gynecol1993; 169: 1411-1417 .
11.
Lima F , Khamashta MA , Buchanan NMMet al.A study of sixty pregnancies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome . Clin Exp Rheumatol1996; 14: 131-136 .
12.
Granger KA , Farquharson RG.Obstetric outcome in antiphospholipid syndrome . Lupus1997; 6: 509-513 .
13.
Le Thi Huong D , Wechsler B , Bletry Oet al.A study of 75 pregnancies in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome . J Rheumatol2001; 28: 2025-2030 .
14.
Silveira LH , Hubble CL , Jara LJet al.Prevention of anticardiolipin antibody-related pregnancy losses with prednisone and aspirin . Am J Med1992; 93: 403-411 .
15.
Ruiz-Irastorza G , Khamashta MA , Hughes GRV.Antiaggregant and anticoagulant therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and Hughes’ syndrome . Lupus2001; 10: 241-245 .
16.
Hertz-Picciotto I , Hopenhayn-Rich C , Golub Met al.The risks and benefits of takind aspirin during pregnancy . Epidemiol Rev1990; 12: 108-148 .
17.
Ginsberg JS , Hirsh J.Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy . Chest1998; 114: 524S-530S .
18.
Botet F , Romera G , Montagut Pet al.Neonatal outcome in women treated for the antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy . J Perinat Med1997; 25: 192-196 .
19.
Rosove MH , Tabsh K , Wasserstrom Net al.Heparin therapy for pregnant women with lupus anticoagulant or anticardiolipin antibodies . Obstet Gynecol1990; 75: 630-634 .
20.
Kutteh WH , Rote NS , Silver R.Antiphospholipid antibodies and reproduction: the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome . Am J Reprod Immunol1999; 41: 133-152 .
21.
Vinatier D , Dufour P , Cosson Met al.Antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent miscarriage . Eur J Obstet Gynecol2001; 96: 37-50 .
22.
Sanson BJ , Lensing AWA , Prins MHet al.Safety of low molecular weight heparin in pregnancy: a systematic review . Thromb Haemost1999; 81: 668-672 .
23.
Esplin MS.Management of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy . Clin Obstet Gynecol2001; 44: 20-28 .
24.
Khamashta MA.Management of thrombosis and pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid syndrome . Lupus1998; 7 (Suppl. 2): S162-S165 .
25.
Greaves M , Cohen H , Machin SJ , Mackie I.Guidelines on the investigation and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome . Br J Haematol2000; 109: 704-715 .
26.
Derksen RHW , De Groot PhG , Nieuwenhuis HKet al.How to treat women with antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnancy ? Ann Rheum Dis2001; 60: 1-3 .
27.
Rai R , Cohen H , Dave Met al.Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies) . Br Med J1997; 314: 253-257 .
28.
Kutteh WH.Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone . Am J Obstet Gynecol1996; 174: 1584-1589 .
29.
Kingdom J , Jauniaux E.Treatment of pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies. No cytogenetic data were reported . Br Med J1997; 315: 372-372 .
30.
Piette JC , Le Thi Huong D , Wechsler B.During pregnancy, heaprin should be stopped during labour and then restarted sonn after delivery . Br J Med1997; 315: 372-373 .
31.
Balasch J , Cervera R.Reflections on the management of reproductive failure in the antiphospholipid syndrome - the clinician’s perspective . Lupus2002; 11: 467-477 .
32.
Pattison NS , Chamley LW , Birdsall Met al.Does aspirin have a role in improving pregnancy outcome for women with the antiphospholipid syndrome? A randomized controlled trial . Am J Obstet Gynecol2000; 183: 1008-1012 .
33.
Kwak JYH , Barini R , Gilman-Sachs Aet al.Down-regulation of maternal antiphospholipid antibodies during early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome . Am J Obstet Gynecol1994; 171: 239-246 .
34.
Stray-Pedersen B , Stray-Pedersen S.Etiologic factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 195 couples with a prior history of habitual abortion . Am J Obstet Gynecol1984; 148: 140-146 .