Many paths lead to lupus

Cohen PL , Eisenberg RA . Lpr and gld: single gene models of systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease . Annu Rev Immunol 1991; 9: 243–269 .

Nishimura H , Nose M , Hiai H , Minato N , Honjo T . Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor . Immunity 1999; 11: 141–151 .

Botto M , Agnola C , Bygrave A , Thompson E , Cook H , Petry F , Loos M , Pondolfi P , Walport M . Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies . Nat Genet 1998; 19: 56–59 .

Bickerstaff M , Botto M , Hutchinson W , Herbert J , Tennent G , Bybee A , Mitchell D , Cook H , Butler P , Walport M , Pepys M . Serum amyloid P component controls chromatin degradation and prevents antinuclear autoimmunity . Nat Med 1999; 5: 694–697 .

Rodorf C , Schnebli HP , Baltz ML , Tennent GA , Pepys MB . The acute-phase response in (NZB×NZW)F1 and MRL/l Mice . J Exp Med 1982; 156: 1268–1273 .

Napirei M , Karsunky H , Zevnik B , Stephan H , Mannherz H , Moroy T . Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dnase 1-deficient mice . Nat Genet 2000; 25: 177–181 .

Chitrabamrung S , Rubin RL , Tan EM . Serum deoxyribonuclease I and clinical activity in systemic lupus erythematosus . Rheum Int 1981; 1: 53–60 .

Macanovic M , Lachmann PJ . Measurement of deoxyribonuclease I (Dnase-I) in the serum and urine of systemic erythematosus(SLE)-prone NZB/NZW mice by a new radial enzyme diffusion assay . Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 108: 220–226 .

Bowness P , Davies K , Norsworthy P , Athanassiou P , Taylor-Wiedman J , Borysiewicz L , Meyer P , Walport M . Hereditary C1q deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus . Q J Med 1994; 87: 455–464 .

Scott R , MaMaho E , Pop S , Reap E , Caricchio R , Cohen P , Earp H , Matsushima G . Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER . Nature 2001; 411: 207–211 .

Boes M , Schmidt T , Linkemann K , Beaudette BC , Marshak-Rothstein A , Chen J . Accelerated development of IgG auto-antibodies and autoimmune disease in the absence of secreted IgM . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 1184–1189 .

Ehrenstein M , Cook H , Neuberger M . Deficiency in serum immuno-globulin (Ig)M predisposes to development of IgG autoantibodies . J Exp Med 2000; 191: 1253–1257 .

Bolland S , Ravetch J . Spontaneous autoimmune disease in FcgammaRIIB deficient mice results from strain-specific epistasis . Immunity 2000; 13: 277–285 .

O'Keefe T , Williams G , Batisa F , Nauberberger M . Deficiency in CD22, a B cell-specific inhibitory receptor, is sufficient to predispose to development of high affinity autoantibodies . J Exp Med 1999; 189: 1307–1313 .

Shultz L , Rajan T , Greiner D . Severe defects in immunity and hematopoiesis caused by SHP-1 protein-tyrosine-phosphatase deficiency . Trends Biotechnol 1997; 15: 302–307 .

Cornall R , Cyster J , Hibbs M , Dunn A , Otipoby K , Clark E , Goodnow C . Polygenic autoimmune traits: Lyn, CD22 and SHP-1 are limiting elements of a biochemical pathway regulating BCR signaling and selection . Immunity 1998; 8: 497–508 .

Hibbs M , Tarlinton D , Armes J , Grail D , Hodgson G , Maglitto R , Stacker S , Dunn A . Multiple defects in the immune system of Lyndeficient mice, culminating in autoimmune disease . Cell 1995; 83: 301–311 .

Tedder TF , Inaoki M , Sato S . The CD19–CD21 complex regulates signal transduction thresholds governing humoral immunity and auto-immunity . Immunity 1997; 6: 107–118 .

Zhou L , Smith HM , Waldschmidt TJ , Schwarting R , Daley J , Tedder TF . Tissue-specific expression of the human CD19 gene in transgenic mice inhibits antigen-independent B-lymphocyte development . Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: 3884–3894 .

Rudd P , Elliott T , Cresswell P , Wilson I , Dwek R . Glycosylation and the immune system . Science 2001; 291: 2370–2376 .

Chui D , Sellakumar G , Green R , Sutton-Smith M , McQuistan T , Marek K , Morris H , Dell A , Marth J . Genetic remodeling of protein glycosylation in vivo induces autoimmune disease . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 1142–1147 .

Demetriou M , Granovsky M , Quaggin S , Dennis J . Negative regulation of T-cell activation and autoimmunity by Mgat5 N-glycosylation . Nature 2001; 409: 733–739 .

Seery JP , Carroll JM , Cattell V , Waft FM . Antinuclear autoantibodies and lupus nephritis in transgenic mice expressing interferon g in the epidermis . J Exp Med 1997; 186: 1451–1459 .

Mackay F , Woodcock S , Lawton P , Ambrose C , Baetscher M , Schneider P , Tschopp J , Browning J . Mice transgenic for BAFF develop lymphocytic disorders along with autoimmune manifestations . J Exp Med 1999; 190: 1697–1710 .

Majeti R , Xu Z , Parslow T , Olson J , Daikh D , Killeen N , Weiss A . An inactivating point mutation in the inhibitory wedge of CD45 causes lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity . Cell 2000; 103: 1059–1070 .

Strasser A , Whittingham S , Vaux D , Bath M , Adams J , Cory S , Harris A . Enforced BCL2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 8661–8665 .

Balomenos D , Martin-Caballero J , Garcia N , Prieto I , Flores J , Serrano M , Martinez-A C . The cell cycle inhibitor p21 controls T-cell proliferation and sex-linked lupus development . Nat Med 2000; 6: 171–176 .

Bachmaier K , Krawczyk C , Kozieradzki I , Kong Y , Sasaki T , Oliveirados-Santos A , Mariathasan S , Bouchard D , Wakeman A , Itie A , Le J , Ohashi P , Sarosi I , Nishina H , Lipkowitz S , Penninger J . Negative regulation of lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity by the molecular adaptor Cbl-b . Nature 2000; 403: 211–216 .

Dang H , Geiser AG , Letterio JJ , Nakabayashi T , Kong L , Fernandes G , Tala N . SLE-like autoantibodies and Sjorgen's syndrome-like lymphoproliferation in TGF-beta knockout . J Immunol 1995; 155: 3205–3212 .

Cristofano A , Kotsi P , Peng Y , Cordon-Cardo C , Elkon K , PandolfiP . Impaired Fas response and autoimmunity in Pten+/- mice . Science 1999; 285: 2122–2125 .

Taylor GA , Carballo E , Lee DM , Lai WS , Thompson MJ , Patel DD , Schenkman DI , Gilkeson GS , Broxmeyer HE , Haynes BF , Blackshear PJ . A pathogenic role for TNFa in the syndrome of cachexia, arthritis and autoimmunity resulting from tristetraprolin (TTP) deficiency . Immunity 1996; 4: 445–454 .

Wakeland EK , Liu K , Graham RR , Behrens TW . Delineating the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus . Immunity 2001; 15: 397–408 .

Grundy HO , Peltz G , Moore KW , Golbus MS , Jackson LG , Lebo RV . The polymorphic Fcg receptor II gene maps to human chromosome 1q . Immunogenetics 1989; 29: 331–339 .