The experimental investigations of the toxic influence of tobacco smoke affecting progeny during pregnancy

Abstract

1 Tobacco smoke contains around 4000 substances, most of which are described as toxic, and they may have an influence on the development of progeny.

2 The present studies concentrate on the measurement and calculation of indices describing the new-born' survival, rearing of pups, weight of foetuses, young animals, placenta and females in relation to different doses of tobacco smoke (carbon monoxide levels). The morphological studies of placenta, foetal and newborn lungs were done as a supplement. Biochemical placenta study was also done.

3 The results of the experiment proved that some indices for animals in groups which were passively exposed to the highest concentrations of tobacco smoke were lower, others fluctuated (4 day, 12 day and total survival) and some did not reveal any changes (rearing). Direct correlation between maternal passive exposure to tobacco smoke and the presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome symptoms in new-boms was observed. A decrease of body weight of pregnant females passively exposed to tobacco smoke was also observed. An increase of placenta-foetal factor was found. A decrease of rat weight was observed after passive exposure to tobacco smoke.

4 We concluded that there is correlation between passive exposition to tobacco smoke during pregnancy and delayed lung maturation in the offspring. Exposure of the pregnant rats to cigarette smoke increases the activity of isocitric and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases in placenta.

Keywords

tobacco smoke offspring rats

References

1 Pierce JP , Gilpen E , Burns DM et al. Does tobacco advertising target young people to start smoking? Evidence from California . Journal of American Medical Association 1991; 226: 3154-3158 .

2 Butler NR , Goldstein H . Smoking in pregnancy and subsequent child development . British Medical Journal 1973; 4: 573-575 .

3 McIntosh ID . Smoking and pregnancy. Attributable risks and public health implications . Canadian Journal of Public Health 1984; 75: 141-148 .

4 Royal College of Physicians . Smoking and the young . Tobacco Control 1992; 1: 231-235 .

5 Roquer JM , Figuears J , Botet F , Jimenez R . Influence on fetus of the exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy . Acta Pediatrica 1995; 84: 118-121 .

6 Windham GC , Swan SH , Fenster L . Parental cigarette smoke and the risk of spontaneous abortion . American Journal of Epidemiology 1992; 135: 1394-1403 .

7 Longo LD . Some health consequences of maternal smoking: Issues without answers . Birth Defects 1982; 18: 13-31 .

8 Mitchell EA et al. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome . Pediatrics 1993; 91: 893-896 .

9 Naeye RL , Peters EC . Mental development of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy . Obstetric and Gynecology 1984; 64: 601-607 .

10.

10 Makin J , Fried PA , Watkinson B . A comparison of active and passive smoking during pregnancy. Long-term effects . Neurological Teratology 1991; 13: 5-12 .

11.

11 Szymanowski K et al. Ocena wplywu dymu tytoniowego i diety niskobialkowej na oiysko szczura . Acta Poloniae Toxicologica 1994; 2: 69-75 .

12.

12 Biczysko W , Wasowicz M , Marszalek A , Florek E . The entrance of surface active material to pulmonary capillaries in the lungs of newborn rats . Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 1995; 33: 25-31 .

13.

13 Wasowicz M et al. Retardation of lung development after maternal cigarette smoking and low protein diet in animal model . Polish Journal of Pathology 1994; 45: 155-162 .

14.

14 Florek E , Marszalek A . The influence of tobacco smoke on fertility and reproduction in an experimental study. Human and Experimental Toxicology. In press.

15.

15 Szymanowski K et al. Estimation of the influence of the cigarette smoke and low-protein diet on rat' placenta . Acta Pol Toxicol 1994; 2: 69-75 .

16.

16 Suzuki K et al. Placental transfer and distribution of nicotine in the pregnant rhesus monkey . American Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology 1974; 119: 253-262 .

17.

17 Benowitz NL . Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction . New England Journal of Medicine 1988; 319: 1318-1330 .

18.

18 Longo LD . Carbon monoxide: Effects of oxygenation of the fetus in utero . Science 1976; 194: 523-525 .

19.

19 Fecter LD , Annau Z . Toxicity in mild prenatal carbon monoxide exposure . Science 1977; 197: 680-682 .

20.

20 Homosh M , Simon MR , Hamosh P . Effect of nicotine on the development of fetal and suckling rats . Biology of Neonate 1979; 35: 290-297 .

21.

21 Vio F , Salazar G , Infante C . Smoking during pregnancy and lactation and its effect on breastmilk volume . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991; 54: 1011-1016 .

22.

22 Younoszai MK , Peloso J , Haworth JC . Fetal growth retardation in rats exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy . American Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology 1969; 104: 1207-1213 .

23.

23 Sexton M , Hebel JR . A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight . Journal of American Medical Association 1984; 251: 911-915 .

24.

24 Donovan JW . Randomised controlled trial of antismoking advice in pregnancy . British Journal of Prevention and Social Medicine 1977; 31: 6-12

25.

25 Stillman RJ , Rosenberg MJ , Sachs BP . Smoking and reproduction . Fertility and Sterility 1986; 46: 545-566 .

26.

26 Suzuki K et al. Pharmacologic effect of nicotine upon the fetus and mother in rhesus monkey . American Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology 1971; 111: 1092-1101 .

27.

27 Quigley ME et al. Effects of maternal smoking on circulating catecholamine levels and fetal heart rates . American Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology 1979; 133: 685-690 .

28.

28 Lehtovirta P , Forss M . The acute effect of smoking on intervillous blood flow of the placenta . British Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology 1978; 85: 729-731 .

29.

29 Leichter J . Growth of fetuses of rats exposed to ethanol and cigarette smoke during gestation . Growth Development and Aging 1989; 53: 129-134 .

30.

30 Adrews J . Thiocyanate and smoking in pregnancy . British Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology 1973; 80: 810-814 .

31.

31 Wagrner B , Lazar P , Chouroulinkov I . The effects of cigarette smoke inhalation upon mice pregnancy . Review of European Etudes of Clinical Biology 1972; 17: 943-948 .

32.

32 Wingerd J et al. Placental ratio in white and black women. Relation to smoking and anemia . American Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology 1976; 124: 671-675 .

33.

33 Diamant YZ , Shafrir E . Enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the placenta and liver of pregnant rats . Acta Biochimica et Biophisica 1972, 279: 424-430 .

34.

34 Schumaher RE et al. The impact of gestational age on dysmaturity/postmaturity . Journal of Perinatology 1989; 9: 401-406 .

35.

35 Chen MF , Kimizuka G , Wang NS . Human fetal lung changes associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy . Pediatric Pulmonology 1987; 3: 51-58 .

36.

36 Collins MH et al. Fetal lung hypoplasia associated with maternal smoking: a morphometric analysis . Pediatric Research 1985; 19: 408-1412 .

37.

37 White E et al. Maternal smoking and infant respiratory distress syndrome . Obstetric and Gynecology 1986; 67: 365-370 .

38.

38 Taylor B . Prevention of pediatric pulmonary problems. The importance of maternal smoking . Lung 1990; 158: 327-332 .

39.

39 Longo LD , Hill EP , Power GG . Theoretical analysis of factors affecting placenta 02 transfer . American Journal of Physiology 1972, 222: 730-739 .