Members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) family have emerged as critical contributors to the choreography of cellular and tissue interactions underlying morphogenesis of the orofacial region. The TGFs β, and their downstream effector molecules, the Smads, play a pivotal role in normal as well as abnormal development of first branchial arch structures. Components of the TGFβ signal transduction machinery are discussed in relation to regulation of transcription, cell division and tissue differentiation in developing orofacial tissue, as evidence for a functional linkage between the TGFβ and retinoic acid signal transduction pathways during orofacial development.
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