Dietary habits are known to be the major contributory factor in the development of cancer. Mustard oil, which is extensively used in India and elsewhere as a frying and cooking medium, is reported to induce an inflammatory response. The development of altered hepatic foci is an early carcinogenic change in rat liver in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. In the present study, the development of preneoplastic lesions was observed following administration of mustard oil (0.5 mL/day for 8 weeks) in DEN-initiated and partially hepatomized Wistar rats. A significant decrease in the relative and absolute liver weight of mustard oil-exposed rats was recorded. The results revealed a significant increase in the number and area of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) and g-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)-positive foci in mustard oil-administered animals. The GST-P and GGT-positive foci were more prominent in the animals given boiled (up to 3008C for 3 hours) mustard oil in comparison to the animals given fresh mustard oil. These results indicate the possible tumourigenic risk associated with mustard oil consumption.
Sugimura T . Multistep carcinogenesis: a 1992 perspective . Science1992; 258: 603-607 .
2.
Hill MJ . Nutrition and human cancer . Ann N Y Acad Sci1997; 833: 68-78 .
3.
Sinha R , Potter JD . Diet, nutrition and genetic susceptibility . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev1997; 6: 647-649 .
4.
Mohandas KM , Jagannath P . Epidemiology of digestive tract cancers in India. VI. Projected burden in the new millennium and the need for primary prevention . Indian J Gastroenterol2000; 19: 74-78 .
5.
Glauert HP , Lay LT , Kennar WS , Pitot HC . Effect of dietary fat on the initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis by diethylnitrosamine or acetylaminofluorene in rats . Carcinogenesis1991; 12: 991-995 .
6.
Honda T , Kai I , Ohi G . Fat and dietary fiber intake and colon cancer mortality: a chronological comparison between Japan and United States . Nutr Cancer1999; 33: 95-99 .
7.
Weisburger JH . Dietary fat and risk of chronic disease: mechanistic insights from experiment studies . J Am Diet Assoc1997; 97: 516-523 .
8.
Caroll KK , Braden LM , Bell JA , Kalamegham R . Fat and cancer . Cancer1986; 58: 1818-1825 .
9.
Lhuillery C , Cognault S , Germain E , Jourdan ML , Bougnoux P . Suppression of the promoter effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids by the absence of dietary vitamin E in experimental mammary carcinoma . Cancer Lett1997; 114: 233-234 .
10.
Shinozuka H , Takahashi S , Lombardi B , Abanobi SE . Effects of varying the fat content of a choline devoid diet on promotion of the emergence of gamma-glutamyl-transpetidase positive foci in the liver carcinogen treated rats . Cancer Lett1982; 16: 43-50 .
11.
Chiang TA , Wu PF , Wang LF , Lee H , Lee CH , Ko YC . Mutagenicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of fumes from heated cooking oils in Taiwan . Mutat Res1997; 381: 157-161 .
12.
Sugano M , Hirahara F . Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Japan . Am J Clin Nutr2000; 71: 189s-96s .
13.
Williams GM . Chemicals with carcinogenic activity in the rodent liver; mechanistic evaluation of human risk . Cancer Lett1997; 117: 175-188 .
14.
International Agency for Research on Cancer , IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some pharmaceutical drugs. IARC, Lyon France1996; 66: 253-365.
15.
Weisburger JH , Jones RC . Nutritional toxicology: on the mechanisms of inhibition of formation of potent carcinogens during cooking . Prog Clin Biol Res1989; 304: 377-390 .
16.
Locniskar M , Belury MA , Cumberland AG , Patrick KE , Fischer SM . The effect of the level of dietary corn oil on mouse skin carcinogenesis . Nutr Cancer1991; 16: 1-11 .
17.
Williams GM , Aardema MJ , Long PH , Thompson ED , Allgood GS . Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity studies with heated olestra . Food Chem Toxicol1996; 34: 941-950 .
18.
Wu SC , Yen GC , Sheu F . Mutagenicity and identification of mutagenic compounds of fumes obtained from heating peanut oil . J Food Protect2001; 64: 240-245 .
19.
Inoue H , Asaka T , Nagata N , Koshihara Y . Mechanism of mustard oil induced skin inflammation in mice . Eur J Pharmacol1997; 333: 231-240 .
20.
Jansco G , Pierau FK , Sann H . Mustard oil induced coetaneous inflammation in the pig . Agents Actions1993; 39: 31-34 .
21.
Al-Chaer ED , Westlund KN , Willis WD . Sensitization of postsynaptic dorsal column neuronal responses by colon inflammation . Neuroreport1997; 8: 3267-3273 .
22.
Lu Y , Westland KN . Effects of baclofen on colon inflammation-induced FOS, CGRP and SP expression in spinal cord and brainstem . Brain Res2001; 889: 118-130 .
23.
Jiang MC , Gebhart GF . Development of mustard oil induced hyperalgesia in rats . Pain1998; 77: 305-313 .
24.
Faizi S , Siddiqui BS , Saleem R , Siddiqui S , Aftab K , Gilani AH . Isolation and structure elucidation of new nitrile and mustard oil glycosides from Moringa oleifera and their effect on blood pressure . J Nat Prod1994; 57: 1256-1261 .
25.
Ito N , Tsuda H , Talematsu M , Inoue T , Tagawa Y , Aoki T , Uwagawa S , Kagawa M , Ogiso T , Masui T , Imaida K , Fukushima S , Asamoto M . Enhancing effect of various hepatocarcinogens on induction of preneoplastic glutathione-S-transferase placental from positive foci in rats-an approach for a new medium term bioassay system . Carcinogenesis1988; 9: 387-394 .
26.
Ito N , Shirai T , Hasegawa R . Medium term bioassay for carcinogens. In Vainio H , Magee PN , McGregor DB , McMichael AJ eds. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis risk assessment. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 1992: 345-380.
27.
Hasegawa R , Ito N . Liver medium term bioassay in rats for screening of carcinogens and modifying factors in hepatocarcinogenesis . Food Chem Toxicol1992; 30: 979-992 .
28.
Tatematsu M , Mera Y , Ito N , Satoh K , Sato K . Relative merits of immunohistochemical demonstration of placental A, B and C forms of glutathione-S-transferase and histochemcial demonstration of glutamyl transferase as markers of altered foci during liver carcinogenesis in rats . Carcinogenesis1985; 6: 1621-1626 .
29.
Tatematsu M , Mera Y , Inoue T , Satoh K , Sato K , Ito N . Stable phenotypic expression of glutathione-S-transferase placental type and unstable phenotypic expression of glutamyl transferase in rat liver preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions . Carcinogenesis1988; 9: 215-220 .
30.
Rutenberg AM , Kim H , Fischbein JW , Hanker JS , Wasserkrug HL , Seligman AM . Histochemical and ultrastructural demonstration of glutamyl transpeptidase activity . J Histochem Cytochem1969; 17: S17-S26 .
31.
Ito N , Imaida K , Hasegawa R , Tsuda H . Rapid bioassay for carcinogens and modifiers of hepatocarcinogenesis . CRC Crit Rev Toxicol1989; 19: 385-415 .
32.
BIBRA Working Group . Allyl isothiocyanate toxicity profi le. BIBRA Toxicology International , 1990.
33.
Ioannou YM , Burka LT , Matthews HB . Allyl isothiocyanate: comparative disposition in rats and mice . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol1984; 75: 173-181 .
34.
Neudecker T , Henschler D . Allyl isothiocyanate is mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium . Mutat Res1985; 156: 33-37 .
35.
Baldwin S , Parker RS . Influence of dietary fat and selenium in initiation and promotion of a flatoxin B1induced preneoplastic foci in rat liver . Carcinogenesis1987; 8: 101-107 .
36.
Woutersen R , van Garderren-Hoetmer A , Bax J , Schere E . Modulation of dietary fat promoted pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats and hamsters by chronic coffee ingestion . Carcinogenesis1989; 10: 311-316 .
37.
Roberfroid MB . Dietary modulation of experimental neoplastic development: role of fat and fibre content and calorie intake . Mutat Res1991; 259: 351-362 .
38.
Gold LS , Stone TH , Stern BR , Manley NB , Ames BN . Rodent carcinogens: setting priorities . Science1992; 258: 261-265 .
