Response to the commentaries on “Does caloric restriction induce hormesis.”

1 Duffy P , Feuers R , Leakey J , Nakamura K , Turturro A , Hart R. Effect of chronic caloric restriction on physiological variables that modulate energy metabolism in the male Fischer 344 rat . Mech Ageing Dev 1989; 48: 117-133 .

2 Engleman RW , Day NK , Good RA. Calories, parity and prolactin influence mammary epithelial kinetics, and differentiation and alter other mouse mammary tumor risk . Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1188-1194 .

3 Finch C. Longevity, Senescence and the Genome. U. Chicago Press, Chicago, IL , 1994.

4 Hart R , Chou M , Feuers R , Leakey J , Duffy P , Lyn-Cook B , Turturro A , Allaben W. Caloric restriction and chemical toxicity/carcinogenesis . Qual Assur: Good Pract, Regul, Law 1992; 1: 120-131 .

5 Hart RW , Turturro A. Evolution and dietary restriction . Exp Gerontol 1998; 33: 53-60 .

6 Keenan K , Soper K. The effects of overfeeding and moderate dietary restriction on Sprague-Dawley rat survival, spontaneous carcinogenesis, chronic disease and the toxicologic response to pharmaceuticals. In: Hart R , Neuman D , Robertson R (Eds.), Dietary Restriction; Implications for the Design and Interpretation of Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies. ILSI Press, Washington, DC , 1995, pp. 99-126.

7 McCarter R , McGee J. Transient reduction of metabolic rate by food restriction . Am J Physiol 1989; 257: E174-E179 .

8 McCarter R , Palmer J. Energy metabolism and aging: a lifelong study of Fischer 344 rats . Am J Physiol 1992; 263: E448-E452 .

9 NRC (National Research Council) . Nutrient Require-ments of Laboratory Animals. 4th Rev. Edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC , 1995.

10 Robertson O . Prolongation of the life span of kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi) by castration before the beginning of gonad development . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1961; 47: 609-621 .

11 Sacher G. Life table modification and life prolongation. In: Finch C , Hayflick, L (Eds.), Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Van Nostrand, New York , 1977, pp. 582-638.

12 Sheldon W , Bucci T , Blackwell B , Turturro A. Effect of ad libitum feeding and 40% feed restriction on body weight, longevity, and neoplasms in B6C3F1, C57B16, and B6D2F1 mice. In: Mohr U , Dungworth D , Capen C , Carlton W , Sundberg J , Ward J (Eds.), Pathobiology of the Aging Mouse, Vol. 1. ILSI Press, Washington, DC , 1996, pp. 21-26.

13 Turturro A , Hart R. Quantifying risk and accuracy in risk assessment: the process and its role in risk management problem solving . Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1987; 4: 125-132 .

14 Turturro A , Hart R. Dietary alteration in the rate of cancer and aging . Exp Gerontol 1992; 27: 583-592 .

15 Turturro A , Duffy P , Hart R. Modulation of toxicity by diet and dietary macronutrient restriction . Mutat Res 1993; 295: 151-164 .

16 Turturro A , Blank K , Murasko D , Hart R. Mechanisms of caloric restriction effecting aging and disease . Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 719: 159-170 .

17 Turturro A , Duffy P , Hart R. The effect of caloric modulation on toxicity studies. In: Hart R , Neuman D , Robertson R (Eds.), Dietary Restriction: Implications for the Design and Interpretation of Toxicity and Carcino-genicity Studies, ILSI Press, Washington, DC , 1995, pp. 79-98.

18 Turturro A , Duffy P , Hart R , Allaben W. Rationale for the use of dietary control in toxicity studies-B6C3F1 mouse . Toxicol Pathol 1996; 24: 769-775 .

19 Turturro A , Leakey J , Allaben W , Hart R. Letter to the Editor, Response to Michael Festing's “Fat Rats” . Nature 1997; 389: 326-326 .

20 Turturro A , Hass B , Hart, R , Allaben W. Body weight impact on spontaneous and agent-induced diseases in chronic bioassays . Int J Toxicol 1998; 17: 79-100 .

21 Turturro A , Hass B , Hart R. Hormesis-implications for risk assessment caloric intake (body weight) as an exemplar . Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1998b; 17: 454-499 .

22 Turturro A , Duffy P , Hart R. Antioxidation and evolu-tion: dietary restriction and alterations in molecular processes. In: Basu T , Temple N , Garg N (Eds.), Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease, CAB International, Oxford, England , 1999, pp. 83-94.

23 Turturro A , Witt W , Lewis S , Hass BS , Lipman RD , Hart R. Growth curves and survival characteristics of the animals used in the biomarkers of aging program. J Gerontol, in press.

24 Weindruch R , Walford R. The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction. C.C. Thomas, Spring-field, IL , 1988.

25 Yu BP , Masoro E , McMahan A. Nutritional influences on aging of Fischer 344 rats: I. Physical, metabolic, and longevity characteristics . J Gerontol 1985; 40: 657-670 .