Analyses of cladoceran remains were conducted on an 11-m sediment core from Dallund Sø Denmark, covering approximately the last 7000 years. The densities of planktivorous fish and macrophyte coverage were inferred from previously established transfer functions for Danish lakes using pelagic and plant-associated cladocerans, respectively, as palaeoenvironmental indicators. This is the first reconstruction of the abundance of fish and macrophytes covering millennial timescales. The cladoceran assemblages indicated an early period (4830 BC to c. 750 BC) with low species diversity, being dominated mainly by small-sized pelagic taxa. An intervening period (750 BC-AD 1100) followed, dominated by macrophyte-associated taxa and large-sized pelagic species. A marked increase in the abundance of remains occurred at C. AD 1200 coincident with the introduction of the mouldboard plough to Denmark and major forest clearance in the lake catchment. Further upcore (AD 1300-1700) mud-dwelling taxa increased in importance. Finally (AD 1700-1998), a shift occurred towards taxa characterizing eutrophic conditions. Redundancy analyses and cladoceran-inferred submerged macrophyte coverage and planktivorous fish density indicated overall low levels of nutrients and chlorophyll a, moderate macrophyte coverage (10-24%) and moderate to high fish predation prior to the Roman Iron Age (AD 0-400) followed by higher levels of nutrients and chlorophyll a and lower macrophyte coverage (< 10%) and moderate fish predation in recent times. The results suggest that the lake became increasingly eutrophic through time, not least after forest clearance and intensification of agriculture in Mediaeval times.
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