Holocene climatic and environmental changes inferred from midge records (Diptera: Chironomidae,Chaoboridae,Ceratopogonidae) at Lake Berkut,southern Kola Peninsula,Russia
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online September, 2005
Holocene climatic and environmental changes inferred from midge records (Diptera: Chironomidae,Chaoboridae,Ceratopogonidae) at Lake Berkut,southern Kola Peninsula,Russia
A radiocarbon-dated sediment sequence from Lake Berkut in the southern part of the Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia, was investigated by means of midge analysis in order to reconstruct the Holocene climatic and environmental history of the region. Past mean July air temperatures at the study site and hypolimnetic oxygen contents of the lake water were inferred from chironomid-based transfer functions. The early Holocene (c. 10 100-8400 cal. yr BP) is characterized by summer temperatures and hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations broadly similar to present-day conditions. The midge records give evidence of a lake-level fall at c. 7000 cal. yr BP, resulting in weakened thermal stratification of the lake water, and improvement of the hypolimnetic oxygen conditions. After c. 4000 cal. yr BP midge assemblages suggest a lake-level rise related to increased effective moisture. A secondary mid-Holocene climatic optimum with inferred mean July air temperatures of c. 12.1° C was recorded between 6000 and 4400 cal. yr BP, followed by minimum values (c. 11.3°C) between 3500 and 1500 cal. yr BP, accompanied by the onset of natural acidification of the lake. The late-Holocene midge assemblages suggest weakly acidic conditions, low hypolimnetic oxygen contents and a general warming trend during the last c. 1500 years, although paludification and natural acidification may have influenced the temperature reconstruction at this stage. However, the modern chironomid-inferred mean July air temperature (12.5°C) is consistent with meteorological data from a nearby station. In general, the midge records reflect relatively warm and moist conditions at Lake Berkut before c. 7000 cal. yr BP, a relatively warm and dry climate at c. 7000-4000 cal. yr BP, and a shift to cooler and wetter climatic conditions in the region after c. 4000 cal. yr BP.
Anderson, D.E. , Binney, H.A. and Snith, M.A.1998: Evidence for abrupt climatic change in northern Scotland between 3900 and 3500 calendar years BP . The Holocene8, 97-103 .
2.
Andreev, A.A. and Klimanov, V.A.2000: Quantitative Holocene climatic reconstruction from Arctic Russia . Journal of Paleolimnology24, 81-91 .
3.
Andreev, A.A. , Schirrmeister, L. , Siegert, C. , Bobrov, A.A. , Demske, D. , Seiffert, M. and Hubberten, H.-W.2002: Paleoenvironmental changes in northeastern Siberia during the Upper Quaternary -evidence from pollen records of the Bykovsky Peninsula . Polarforschung70, 13-25 .
4.
Andreev, A.A. , Tarasov, P.E. , Schwamborn, G. , Ilyashuk, B.P. , Ilyashuk, E.A. , Bobrov, A.A. , Klimanov, V.A. , Rachold, V. and Hubberten, H.-W.2004: Holocene palaeoenvironmental records from Nikolay Lake, Lena River Delta, Arctic Russia . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology209, 197-217 .
5.
Appelberg, M. , Henrikson, B.-I. , Henrikson, L. and Svedäng, M.1993: Biotic interactions within the littoral community of Swedish forest lakes during acidification . Ambio22, 290-297 .
6.
Armitage, P.D. , Cranston, P.S. and Pinder, L.C.V. , editors 1995: The Chironomidae: biology and ecology of non-biting midges. London: Chapman and Hall , 572-572 pp.
7.
Barnekow, L.1999: Holocene tree-line dynamics and inferred climatic changes in the Abisko area, northern Sweden, macrofossil and pollen records . The Holocene9, 253-265 .
8.
Battarbee, R.W.2000: Palaeolimnological approaches to climate change, with special regard to the biological record . Quaternary Science Reviews19, 107-124 .
9.
Bennett, K.D.1994: Confidence intervals for age estimates and deposition times in late-Quaternary sediment sequences . The Holocene4, 337-348 .
10.
Bigler, C. , Larocque, I. , Peglar, S.M. , Birks, H.J.B. and Hall, R.I.2002: Quantitative multiproxy assessment of long-term patterns of Holocene environmental change from a small lake near Abisko, northern Sweden . The Holocene12, 481-496 .
11.
Bigler, C. , Grahn, E. , Larocque, I. , Jeziorski, A. and Hall, R.2003: Holocene environmental change at Lake Njulla (999 m a.s.l.), northern Sweden: a comparison with four small nearby lakes along an altitudinal gradient . Journal of Paleolimnology29, 13-29 .
12.
Birks, H.J.B.1995: Quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. In Maddy, D. and Brew, J.S. , editors, Statistical modelling of Quaternary science data. Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association , 161-254.
13.
Birks, H.J.B.1998: Numerical tools in paleolimnology – progress, potentialities, and problems . Journal of Paleolimnology20, 307-332 .
14.
Birks, H.J.B. , Line, J.M. , Juggins, S. , Stevenson, A.C. and ter Braak, C.J.F.1990: Diatoms and pH reconstruction . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society LondonB327, 263-278 .
15.
Boettger, T. , Hiller, A. and Kremenetski, K.2003: Mid-Holocene warming in the northwest Kola Peninsula, Russia: northern pinelimit movement and stable isotope evidence . The Holocene13, 403-408 .
16.
Brodersen, K.P. and Lindegaard, C.1999: Mass occurrence and sporadic distribution of Corynocera ambigua Zetterstedt (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Danish lakes. Neo– and palaeolimnological records . Journal of Paleolimnology22, 41-52 .
17.
Brodin, Y.-W. and Gransberg, M.1993: Responses of insects, especially Chironomidae (Diptera), and mites to 130 years of acidification in a Scottish lake . Hydrobiologia250, 201-212 .
18.
Brooks, S.J. and Birks, H.J.B.2001: Chironomid-inferred air temperatures from late-glacial and Holocene sites in north-west Europe: progress and problems . Quaternary Science Reviews20, 1723-1741 .
19.
Brooks, S.J. , Bennion, H. and Birks, H.J.B.2001: Tracing lake trophic history with a chironomid-total phosphorus inference model . Freshwater Biology46, 513-533 .
20.
Brundin, L.1949: Chironomiden und andere Bodentiere der Südschwedischen Urgebirgsseen . Report of the Institute for Freshwater Research, Drottningholm30, 1-914 .
21.
Calvo, E. , Grimalt, J. and Jansen, E.2002: High resolution UK37 sea surface temperature reconstruction in the Norwegian Sea during the Holocene . Quaternary Science Reviews21, 1385-1394 .
22.
Cleveland, W.S. , Grosse, E. and Shyu, W.M.1993: Local regression models. In Chambers, J.M. and Hastie, T.J. , editors, Statistical models in S. London: Chapman & Hall , 309-376.
23.
Clymo, R.S.1984: Sphagnum-dominated peat bog: a natural acid ecosystem . Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of LondonB305, 487-499 .
24.
Cranston, P.S.1982: A key to the larvae of the British Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae). Ambleside: Freshwater Biological Association, Science Publication 45, 1-152.
25.
Davydova, N. and Servant-Vildary, S.1996: Late Pleistocene and Holocene history of the lakes in the Kola Peninsula, Karelia and the north-western part of the east European plain . Quaternary Science Reviews15, 997-1012 .
26.
Dermott, R.M. , Kelso, J.R.M. and Douglas, A.1986: The benthic fauna of 41 acid sensitive headwater lakes in northern central Ontario . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution28, 283-292 .
27.
Gahnström, G.1995: The effects of liming on microbial activity and the decomposition of organic material. In Henrikson, L. and Brodin, Y.W., , editors, Liming of acidified surface waters: a Swedish synthesis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag , 179-191.
28.
Gervais, B.R. and MacDonald, G.M.2000: A 403-year record of July temperatures and treeline dynamics of Pinus sylvestris from the Kola Peninsula, Northwest Russia . Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research32, 295-302 .
29.
Gervais, B.R. , MacDonald, G.M. , Snyder, J.A. and Kremenetski, C.V.2002: Pinus sylvestris treeline development and movement on the Kola Peninsula of Russia: pollen and stomate evidence . Journal of Ecology90, 627-638 .
30.
Glukhova, V.M. and Brodskaya, N.K.1999: Ceratopogonidae. Biting midges. In Tsalolikhin, S.J. , editor, Key to freshwater invertebrates of Russia and adjacent lands. Volume 4 – higher insects. Diptera. St Petersburg: Zoological Institute RAS , 183-209 and 580-669 (in Russian).
31.
Grahn, O. , Hultberg, H. and Landner, L.1974: Oligotrophication – a self-accelerating process in lakes subjected to excessive supply of acid substances . Ambio3, 93-94 .
32.
Grimm, E.C.1987: CONISS: a fortran program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares . Computers and Geosciences13, 13-35 .
33.
Grimm, E.C.1991: TILIA and TILIAGRAPH software. Springfield IL: Illinois State Museum .
34.
Grönlund, T. and Kauppila, T.2002: Holocene history of Lake Soldatskoje (Kola Peninsula, Russia) inferred from sedimentary diatom assemblages . Boreas31, 273-284 .
35.
Guilizzoni, P. , Marchetto, A. , Lami, A. , Cameron, N.G. , Appleby, P.G. , Rose, N.L. , Schnell, Ø.A. , Belis, C.A. , Giorgis, A. and Guzzi, L.1996: The environmental history of mountain lake (Lago Paione Superiore, Central Alps, Italy) for the last c. 100 years: multidisciplinary, palaeolimnological study . Journal of Paleolimnology15, 245-264 .
36.
Hammarlund, D. , Barnekow, L. , Birks, H.J.B. , Buchardt, B. and Edwards, T.W.D.2002: Holocene changes in atmospheric circulation recorded in the oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of lacustrine carbonates from northern Sweden . The Holocene12, 339-351 .
37.
Hammarlund, D. , Björck, S. , Buchardt, B. , Israelson, C. and Thomsen, C.T.2003: Rapid hydrological changes during the Holocene revealed by stable isotope records of lacustrine carbonates from Lake Igelsjön, southern Sweden . Quaternary Science Reviews22, 195-212 .
38.
Hammarlund, D. , Velle, G. , Wolfe, B.B. , Edwards, T.W.D. , Barnekow, L. , Bergman, J. , Holmgren, S. , Lamme, S. , Snowball, I. , Wohlfarth, B. and Possnert, G.2004: Palaeolimnological and sedimentary responses to Holocene forest retreat in the Scandes Mountains, west-central Sweden . The Holocene14, 862-876 .
39.
Heikkilä, M. and Seppä, H.2003: A 11,000 yr palaeotemperature reconstruction from the southern boreal zone in Finland . Quaternary Science Reviews22, 541-554 .
40.
Heinrichs, M.L. , Walker, I.R. and Mathewes, R.W.2001: Chironomid-based paleosalinity records in southern British Columbia, Canada: a comparison of transfer functions . Journal of Paleolimnology26, 147-159 .
41.
Heiri, O. and Lotter, A.F.2001: Effect of low counts sums on quantitative environmental reconstructions: an example using subfossil chironomids . Journal of Paleolimnology26, 343-350 .
42.
Heiri, O. , Lotter, A.F. , Hausmann, S. and Kienast, F.2003: A chironomid-based Holocene summer air temperature recons-truction from the Swiss Alps . The Holocene13, 477-484 .
43.
Heitto, L.1990: A macrophyte survey in Finnish forest lakes sensitive to acidification . Verhanlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie24, 667-670 .
44.
Hendrey, G.R. , Baalsruud, K. , Traaen, T.S. , Laake, M. and Raddum, G.1976: Acid precipitation: some hydrobiological changes . Ambio5, 224-227 .
45.
Henrikson, B.-I.1993: Sphagnum mosses as a microhabitat for invertebrates in acidified lakes and the colour adaptation and substrate preference in Leucorrhinia dubia (Odonata, Anisoptera) . Ecography16, 143-153 .
46.
Henrikson, L. , Olofsson, J.B. and Oscarson, H.G.1982: The impact of acidification on Chironomidae (Diptera) as indicated by subfossil stratification . Hydrobiologia86, 223-229 .
47.
Hiller, A. , Boettger, T. and Kremenetski, C.2001: Mediaeval climatic warming recorded by radiocarbon dated alpine tree-line shift on the Kola Peninsula, Russia . The Holocene11, 491-497 .
48.
Hofmann, W.1971: Zur Taxonomie und Palökologie subfossiler Chironomiden (Dipt.) in Seesedimenten . Archiv für Hydrobiologie Beihefte Ergebnisse der Limnologie6, 1-50 .
49.
Hofmann, W.1978: Analysis of animal microfossils from the Groβer Segeberger See (F.R.G.) . Archiv für Hydrobiologie82, 316-346 .
50.
Hofmann, W.1983: Statigraphy of subfossil Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae (Insecta: Diptera) in late glacial littoral from Lobsigensee (Swiss Plateau). Studies in the late quaternary of Lobsigensee 4 . Revue de Paleobiologie2, 205-209 .
51.
Hofmann, W.1986: Chironomid analysis. In Berglund, B.E. , editor, Handbook of palaeoecology and palaeohydrology. Chichester: Wiley and Sons , 715-727.
52.
Hofmann, W.1988: The significance of chironomid analysis (Insecta: Diptera) for paleolimnological research . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology62, 501-509 .
53.
Ilyashuk, B.P.1999: A comparative study of growth and production of aquatic mosses in acidified lakes of Southern Karelia . Russian Journal of Ecology30, 387-391 .
54.
Ilyashuk, B.P. and Ilyashuk, E.A.2001: Response of alpine chironomid communities (Lake Chuna, Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia) to atmospheric contamination . Journal of Paleolimnology25, 467-475 .
55.
Ilyashuk, E.A. 2001: Responses of Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages to long-term environmental and climate changes in subarctic lakes at the Kola Peninsula, Russia. PhD Thesis, Apatity: INEP, 209 pp. (in Russian).
56.
Ilyashuk, E.A. and Ilyashuk, B.P.2004: Analysis of chironomid remains from lake sediments in paleoecological reconstruction . Water Resources31, 203-214 .
57.
Jones, V.J. , Leng, M.J. , Solovieva, N. , Sloane, H.J. and Tarasov, P.2004: Holocene climate of the Kola Peninsula; evidence from the oxygen isotope record of diatom silica . Quaternary Science Reviews23, 833-839 .
58.
Juggins, S.2003: C2 user guide. Software for ecological and palaeoecological data analysis and visualisation. Newcastle: University of Newcastle , 69-69 pp.
59.
Kobysheva, N.V. , editor 1988: Scientific and applied guide to climate of USSR: part III: multiyear data: issue 2: Murmansk Region. Leningrad: Hydrometeorological Press , 316-316 pp. (in Russian).
60.
Koç, N. , Eystein, J. and Haflidason, H.1993: Paleoceanographic reconstructions of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms . Quaternary Science Reviews12, 115-140 .
61.
Konstantinov, A.S.1958: Biology of the Chironomidae and their cultivation. Saratov: Trudy Saratovskogo otdeleniya VNIORCH 5, 1-361 (in Russian).
62.
Korhola, A. , Weckström, J. , Holmström, L. and Erästö, P.2000: A quantitative Holocene climatic record from diatoms in northern Fennoscandia . Quaternary Research54, 284-294 .
63.
Korhola, A. , Vasko, K. , Toivonen, H.T.T. and Olander, H.2002: Holocene temperature changes in northern Fennoscandia reconstruction from chironomids using Bayesian modeling . Quaternary Science Reviews21, 1841-1860 .
64.
Korsman, T.1999: Temporal and spatial trends of lake acidity in northern Sweden . Journal of Paleolimnology22, 1-15 .
65.
Korsman, T. , Renberg, I. and Anderson, N.J.1994: A palaeo-limnological test of the influence of Norway spruce (Picea abies) immigration on lake-water acidity . The Holocene4, 132-140 .
66.
Kremenetski, C.V. and Patyk-Kara, N.G.1997: Holocene vegetation dynamics of the southeast Kola Peninsula, Russia . The Holocene7, 473-479 .
67.
Kremenetski, C.V. , Vaschalova, T. , Goriachkin, S. , Cherkinsky, A. and Sulerzhitski, L.1997: Holocene pollen stratigraphy and bog development of the Kola Peninsula, Russia . Boreas26, 91-102 .
68.
Kremenetski, C.V. , Patyk-Kara, N.G. and Goryachkin, S.V.1998: The Holocene palynostratigraphy and geochronology of lacustrine-palustrine deposits in the Kola Peninsula . Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation6, 293-302 .
69.
Kremenetski, C.V , Vaschalova, T. and Sulerzhitsky, L.1999: The Holocene vegetation history of the Khibiny Mountains: implications for the post-glacial expansion of spruce and alder on the Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia . Journal of Quaternary Science14, 29-43 .
70.
Kremenetski, K.V. , Boettger, T. , MacDonald, G.M. , Vaschalova, T. , Sulerzhitsky, L. and Hiller, A.2004a: Medieval climate warming and aridity as indicated by multiproxy evidence from the Kola Peninsula, Russia . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology209, 113-125 .
71.
Kremenetski, K.V. , MacDonald, G.M. , Gervais, B.R. , Borisova, O.K. and Snyder, J.A.2004b: Holocene vegetation history and climate change on the northern Kola Peninsula, Russia: a case study from a small tundra lake . Quaternary International122, 57-68 .
72.
Kullman, L. and Kjällgren, L.2000: A coherent Postglacial tree-limit chronology (Pinus sylvestris L.) for the Swedish Scandes: aspects of paleoclimate and ‘recent warming’, based on megafossil evidence . Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research32, 419-428 .
73.
Laing, T.E. , Ruhiand, K. and Smol, J.P.1999: Past environmental and climate changes related to treeline shifts inferred from fossil diatoms from a lake near the Lena River Delta, Siberia . The Holocene9, 547-557 .
74.
Larocque, I.2001: How many chironomid head capsules are enough? A statistical approach to determine sample size for palaeoclimatic reconstructions . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclima–tology, Palaeoecology172, 133-142 .
75.
Larocque, I. and Bigler, C.2004: Similarities and discrepancies between chironomid–and diatom-inferred temperature reconstructions through the Holocene at Lake 850, northern Sweden . Quaternary International122, 109-121 .
76.
Larocque, I. and Hall, R.I.2003: Chironomids as quantitative indicators of mean July air temperature: validation by comparison with century-long meteorological records from northern Sweden . Journal of Paleolimnology29, 475-493 .
77.
Larocque, I. and Hall, R.I.2004Holocene temperature estimates and chironomid community composition in the Abisko Valley, northern Sweden . Quaternary Science Reviews23, 2453-2465 .
78.
Larocque, I. , Hall, R.I. and Grahn, E.2001: Chironomids as indicators of climate change: a 100-lake training set from a subarctic region of northern Sweden (Lapland) . Journal of Paleolimnology26, 307-322 .
79.
Lebedeva, R.M. , Kagan, L.Ya. and Ivanova, L.V.1987: Biostratigraphical researches of Holocene at the Kola Peninsula . Nature and Economy of the North15, 8-11 (in Russian).
80.
Lindegaard, C.1997: Diptera Chironomidae, non-biting midges. In Nilsson, A.N. , editor, The aquatic insects of North Europe, volume 2. Stenstrup: Apollo Books , 265-294.
81.
Little, J.L. and Smol, J.P.2001: A chironomid-based model for inferring late-summer hypolimnetic oxygen in southeastern Ontario lakes . Journal of Paleolimnology26, 259-270 .
82.
Little, J.L. , Hall, R.I. , Guinlan, R. and Smol, J.P.2000: Past trophic status and hypolimnetic anoxia during eutrophication and remediation of Gravenhurst Bay, Ontario: comparison of diatoms, chironomids, and historical records . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences57, 333-341 .
83.
Lotter, A.F. , Birks, H.J.B. , Hofmann, W. and Marchetto, A.1998: Modern diatom, cladocera, chironomid, and chrysophyte cyst assemblages as quantitative indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions in the Alps. II. Nutrients . Journal of Paleolimnology19, 443-463 .
84.
MacDonald, G.M. , Gervais, B.R. , Snyder, J.A. , Tarasov, G.A. and Borisova, O.K.2000: Radiocarbon dated Pinus sylvestris L. wood beyond tree-line on the Kola Peninsula, Russia . The Holocene10, 143-147 .
85.
Makarchenko, E.A.1985: Chironomids of the Far East SSSR. The subfamilies Podonominae, Diamesinae, and Prodiamesinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Vladivostok: DVNC AN SSSR , 200-200 pp. (in Russian).
86.
Makarchenko, E.A. and Makarchenko, M.A.1999: Chironomidae. Non-biting midges. In Tsalolikhin, S.J. , editor, Key to freshwater invertebrates of Russia and adjacent lands. Volume 4 –higher insects. Diptera. St Petersburg: Zoological Institute RAS , 210-295 and 670-857 (in Russian).
87.
Moller Pillot, H.K.M. and Buskens, R.F.M.1990: De larven der Nederlandse Chironomidae (Diptera). Deel C: Autoekologie en verspreiding. Leiden: Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen IC , 1-277.
88.
Nesje, A. , Matthews, J.A. , Dahl, S.O. , Berrisford, M.S. and Andersson, C.2001: Holocene glacier fluctuations and winter-precipitation changes in the Jostedalsbreen region, western Norway, based on glaciolacustrine sediment records . The Holocene11, 267-280 .
89.
Olander, H. , Korhola, A. and Blom, T.1997: Surface sediment Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) distributions along an ecotonal transect in subarctic Fennoscandia: developing a tool for palaeotemperature reconstructions . Journal of Paleolimnology18, 45-59 .
90.
Olander, H. , Birks, H.J.B. , Korhola, A. and Blom, T.1999: An expanded calibration model for inferring lakewater and air temperatures from fossil chironomid assemblages in northern Fennoscandia . The Holocene9, 279-294 .
91.
Pankratova, V.Ya.1970: Larvae and pupae of non-biting midges of the subfamily Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae = Ten–dipedidae) of the USSR fauna. Opredeliteli Fauny SSSR 102. Leningrad: Nauka , 1-343 (in Russian).
92.
Pankratova, V.Ya.1977: Larvae and pupae of non-biting midges of the sub-families Podonominae and Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae = Tendipedidae) of the USSR fauna. Opredeliteli Fauny SSSR 112. Leningrad: Nauka , 1-154 (in Russian).
93.
Pankratova, V.Ya.1983: Larvae and pupae of non-biting midges of the sub-family Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae = Tendipedidae) of the USSR fauna. Opredeliteli Fauny SSSR 134. Leningrad: Nauka , 1-296 (in Russian).
94.
Pisaric, M.F.J. , MacDonald, G.M. , Cwynar, L.C. and Velichko, A.A.2001: Modern pollen and conifer stomates from North-central Siberian lake sediments: their use in interpreting Late Quaternary fossil assemblages . Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research33, 19-27 .
95.
Porinchu, D.F. and Cwynar, L.C.2000: The distribution of freshwater Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) across treeline near the lower Lena River, Northeast Siberia, Russia . Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research32, 429-437 .
96.
Porinchu, D.F. and Cwynar, L.C.2002: Late-Quaternary history of midge communities and climate from a tundra site near the lower Lena River, Northeast Siberia . Journal of Paleolimnology27, 59-69 .
97.
Porinchu, D.F. and MacDonald, G.M.2003: The use and application of freshwater midges (Chironomidae: Insecta: Diptera) in geographical research . Progress in Physical Geography27, 378-422 .
98.
Porinchu, D.F. , MacDonald, G.M. , Bloom, A.M. and Moser, K.A.2002: The modem distribution of chironomid sub-fossil (Insecta: Diptera) in the Sierra Nevada, California: potential for paleoclimatic reconstructions . Journal of Paleolimnology28, 355-375 .
99.
Przhiboro, A.A.1999: Chaoboridae. Phantom midges. In Tsalolikhin, S.J. , editor, Key to freshwater invertebrates of Russia and adjacent lands. Volume 4 –higher insects. Diptera. St Petersburg: Zoological Institute RAS , 128-136 and 500-507 (in Russian).
100.
Quinlan, R. and Smol, J.P.2001a: Chironomid-based inference models for estimating end-of-summer hypolimnetic oxygen from south-central Ontario shield lakes . Freshwater Biology46, 1529-1551 .
101.
Quinlan, R. and Smol, J.P.2001b: Setting minimum head capsule abundance and taxa deletion criteria in chironomid-based inference models . Journal of Paleolimnology26, 327-342 .
102.
Quinlan, R. , Smol, J.P. and Hall, R.I.1998: Quantitative inferences of past hypolimnetic anoxia in south-central Ontario lakes using fossil midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences55, 587-596 .
103.
Rieradevall, M. and Brooks, S.J.2001: An identification guide to subfossil Tanypodinae larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chirono-midae) based on cephalic setation . Journal of Paleolimnology25, 81-99 .
104.
Rosén, P. , Segerstrom, U. , Eriksson, L. , Renberg, I. and Birks, H.J.B.2001: Holocene climatic change reconstructed from diatoms, chironomids, pollen and near-infrared spectroscopy at an alpine lake (Sjuodjijaure) in northern Sweden . The Holocene11, 551-562 .
105.
Sather, O.A.1975: Nearctic and Palaearctic Heterotrissocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae) . Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada193, 1-67 .
106.
Sather, O.A.1979: Chironomid communities as water quality indicators . Holarctic Ecology2, 65-74 .
107.
Sather, O.A.1997: Diptera Chaoboridae, phantom midges. In Nilsson, A.N. , editor, The aquatic insects of North Europe, volume 2. Stenstrup: Apollo Books , 149-161.
108.
Schnell, Ø.A. and Willassen, E.1996: The chironomid (Diptera) communities in two sediment cores from Store Hovvatn, S. Norway, an acidified lake . Annals of Limnology32, 45-61 .
109.
Seppä, H. and Birks, H.J.B.2001: July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstructions . The Holocene11, 527-539 .
110.
Seppä, H. and Birks, H.J.B.2002: Holocene climate reconctructions from the Fennoscandian tree-line area based on pollen data from Toskaljavri . Quaternary Research57, 191-199 .
111.
Seppä, H. and Hammarlund, D.2000: Pollen-stratigraphical evidence of Holocene hydrological change in northern Fennoscandia supported by independent isotopic data . Journal of Paleolimnology24, 69-79 .
112.
Snowball, I. , Sandgren, P. and Pettersson, G.1999: The mineral magnetic properties of an annually laminated Holocene lake-sediment sequence in northern Sweden . The Holocene9, 353-362 .
113.
Snyder, J.A. , MacDonald, G.M. , Forman, S.L. , Tarasov, G.A. and Node, G.A.2000: Postglacial climate and vegetation history, north-central Kola Peninsula, Russia: pollen and diatom records from Lake Yarnoshnoe-3 . Boreas29, 261-271 .
114.
Solovieva, N. and Jones, V.2002: A multiproxy record of Holocene environmental changes in the central Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia . Journal of Quaternary Science17, 303-318 .
115.
Stuiver, M. , Reimer, P.J. , Bard, E. , Beck, J.W. , Burr, G.S. , Hughen, K.A. , Kromer, B. , McCormac, G. , Van der Plicht, J. and Spurk, M.1998: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24000-0 cal BP . Radiocarbon40, 1041-1083 .
116.
Svendsen, J.I. , Alexandersson, H. , Astakhov, V.I. , Demidov, I. , Dowdeswell, J.A. , Funder, S. , Gataulin, V. , Henriksen, M. , Hjort, C. , Houmark-Nielsen, M. , Hubberten, H.W. , Inglfsson, O. , Jakobsson, M. , Kjier, K.H. , Larsen, E. , Lokrantz, H. , Lunkka, J.P. , Lysi, A. , Mangerud, J. , Matiouchkov, A. , Murray, A. , Moller, P. , Niessen, F. , Nikolskaya, O. , Polyak, L. , Saarnisto, M. , Siegert, C. , Siegert, M.J. , Spielhagen, R.F. and Stein, R.2004: Late Quaternary ice sheet history of Northern Eurasia . Quaternary Science Reviews23, 1229-1271 .
117.
Szadziewski, R. , Krzywinski, J. and Gilka, W.1997: Diptera Ceratopogonidae, biting midges. In Nilsson, A.N. , editor, The aquatic insects of North Europe, volume 2. Stenstrup: Apollo Books , 243-263.
118.
ter Braak, C.J.F. and Juggins, S.1993: Weighted averaging partial least squares regression (WA-PLS): an improved method for reconstructing environmental variables from species assemblages . Hydrobiologia269/270, 485-502 .
119.
ter Braak, C.J.F. and Ŝmilauer, P.1998: Canoco for Windows: software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4). Ithaca NY: Microcomputer Power .
120.
Terziev, F.S. , editor 1965: Guide to climate of USSR: issue 2: Murmansk region: part II. temperature of air and soil. Leningrad: Hydrometeorological Press , 144-144 pp. (in Russian).
121.
Uutala, A.J.1990: Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae) mandibles: paleolimnological indicators of the historical status of fish populations in acid-sensitive lakes . Journal of Paleolimnology4, 139-151 .
122.
Vaschalova, T.V.1986: Environmental history of Khibiny in Holocene. In Miagkov, S.M. , editor, Prirodnye usloviya Khibinskogo uchebnogo polygona. Moscow: Moscow University Press , 22-25 (in Russian).
123.
Vaschalova, T.V. and Klimanov, V.A.1987: Numeric palaeoclimatic reconstruction of Khibiny as analogue of future climate (method and results) . Vestnic Moskovskogo Universiteta: seriya 5: geografia1, 84-88 (in Russian).
124.
Velle, G. 1998: A paleoecological study of chironomids (Insecta: Diptera) with special reference to climate. M.Sc. Thesis, Bergen: University of Bergen, 61 pp.
125.
Velle, G. , Brooks, S.J. , Birks, H.J.B. and Willasen, E.2005: Chironomids as a tool for inferring Holocene climate: an assessment based on six sites in southern Scandinavia. Quaternary Science Reviews (in press).
126.
Walker, I.R.1990: Modem assemblages of arctic and alpine Chironomidae as analogues for late-glacial communities . Hydrobiologia214, 223-227 .
127.
Walker, I.R.1995: Chironomids as indicators of past environmental change. In Armitage, PD. , Cranston, P.S. and Pinder, L.C.V. , editors, The Chironomidae: biology and ecology of non-biting midges. London: Chapman and Hall , 405-422.
128.
Walker, I.R.2001: Midges: Chironomidae and related Diptera. In Smol, J.P. , Birks, H.J.B. and Last, WM. , editors, Tracking environmental change using lake sediments: volume 4: zoological indicators. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers , 43-66.
129.
Walker, I.R. and MacDonald, G.M.1995: Distributions of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) and other freshwater midges with respect to treeline, Northwest Territories, Canada . Arctic and Alpine Research27, 258-263 .
130.
Walker, I.R. and Mathewes, R.W.1989: Chironomidae (Diptera) remains in surficial lake sediments from the Canadian Cordillera: analysis of the fauna across an altitudinal gradient . Journal of Paleolimnology2, 61-80 .
131.
Walker, I.R. , Fernando, C.H. and Paterson, C.G.1985: Association of Chironomidae (Diptera) of shallow, acid, humic lakes and bog pools in Atlantic Canada, and a comparison with an earlier paleoecological investigation . Hydrobiologia120, 11-22 .
132.
Walker, I.R. , Reavie, E.D. , Palmer, S. and Nordin, R.N.1993: A palaeoenvironmental assessment of human impact on Wood Lake, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada . Quaternary International20, 51-70 .
133.
Walker, I.R. , Levesque, A.J. , Cwynar, L.C. and Lotter, A.F.1997: An expanded surface-water paleotemperature inference model for use with fossil midges from eastern Canada . Journal of Paleolimnology18, 165-178 .
134.
Wiederholm, T. , editor 1983: Chironomidae of the Holarctic region, keys and diagnoses: part 1: larvae . Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 19, 1-457 .
135.
Wolfe, B.B. , Edwards, T.W.D. , Jiang, H. , MacDonald, G.M. , Gervais, B.R. and Snyder, J.A.2003: Effect of varying oceanicity on early-to mid-Holocene palaeohydrology, Kola Peninsula, Russia: isotopic evidence from treeline lakes . The Holocene13, 153-160 .
136.
Zelentzov, N.I.1985: Tables for identification of subgenera and species of genus Psectrocladius Kieff. (Diptera, Chironomidae). In Yakovlev, V.N. , editor, Aquatic communities and biology of aquatic species. Leningrad: Nauka , 119-137.
