July mean temperatures and annual precipitation during the last 9000 years were inferred using the pollen record from Chuna Lake, Kola Peninsula, Russia. A quantitative pollen-climate model was generated using the best modem analogues method from a training set of 99 surface pollen spectra from the Kola Peninsula, northern Fennoscandia and Karelia. According to the evidence from Chuna Lake, the early and mid-Holocene (c. 9000-5000 cal. BP) was warm and dry in the central Kola Peninsula with July temperatures being 1.5-2C higher than at present. The onset of warm and dry early to mid-Holocene occurred in the Kola Peninsula earlier than in the rest of northern Fennoscandia. July temperature started to decrease and annual precipitation increased from c. 5000 cal. yr BP and climate became cool and moist.
Andersen, S.T.1960: Silicone oil as a mounting medium for pollen grains . Danmarks Geologiske Undersogelske IV4(1), 1-24 .
2.
Appleby, P.G. and Oldfield, F.1978: The calculation of 210Pb dates assuming a constant rate of supply of unsupported 210Pb to the sediment . Catena5, 1-8 .
3.
Annual Reports on Meteorology1930-90: Gosudarstvennyi komitet po metereologii, Moskva. Moscow: State Committee on Hydrometeorology (in Russian).
4.
Barnekow, L.2000: Holocene regional and local vegetation history and lake-level changes in the Tornetrask area, northern Sweden . Journal of Paleolimnology23, 399-420 .
5.
Bates, C.D. , Coxon, P. and Gibbard, P.L.1978: A new method for the preparation of clay-rich sediment samples for palynological investigations . New Phytologist81, 459-463 .
6.
Birks, H.J.B.1995: Quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Iu Maddy, D. and Brew, J.S. , editors, Statistical modelling of Quaternary science data, Technical Guide S, Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association , 220-221.
7.
Briffa, K.R. , Bartholin, T.S. , Eckstein, D. , Jones, P.D. , Karlin, W. , Schweingruber, F.H. and Zetterberg, P.1990: A 1,400-year tree ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia . Nature346, 434-437 .
8.
Cheddadi, R. , Yu, G. , Guiot, J. , Harrison, S.P. and Prentice, I.C.1997: The climate of Europe 6000 years ago . Climate Dynamics13, 1-9 .
9.
Corner, G.D. , Yevzerov, V.Y. , Kolka, V.V. and Moller, J.J.1999: Isolation basin stratigraphy and Holocene relative sea-level change at the Norwegian-Russian border north of Nikel, northwest Russia,Boreas28, 146-166 .
10.
Dahl, S.O. and Nesje, A.1996: A new approach to calculating Holocene winter precipitation by combining glacier equilibrium-line altitudes and pine-tree limits: a case study from Hardangerjokulen, central southern Norway . Holocene6, 381-398 .
11.
Digerfeldt, G.1988: Reconstruction and regional correlation of Holocene lake-level fluctuations in Lake Bysjon, southern Sweden,Boreas17, 165-182 .
12.
Digerfeldt, G. , de Beaulieu, J.-L. , Guiot, J. and Mouthon, J.1997: Reconstruction and paleoclimatic interpretation of Holocene lake-level changes in Lac de Saint-Leger, Haute Provence, southeast France . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology136, 231-258 .
13.
Eronen, M. , Hyvirinen, H. and Zetterberg, P.1999: Holocene humidity changes in northern Finnish Lapland inferred from lake sediments and submerged Scots pines dated by tree-rings . The Holocene9, 569-580 .
14.
Faegri, K. and Iversen, J.1989: Textbook of pollen analysis (fourth edition). Chichester: Wiley .
15.
Gervais, B.R. and MacDonald, G.M.2001: Modern pollen and stomate deposition in lake surface sediments from across the treeline on the Kola Peninsula, Russia . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology114(3-4), 223-237 .
16.
Gervais, B.R. , MacDonald, G.M. , Snyder, J.A. and Kremenetski, C.V.2002: Pinus sylvestris treeline development and movement on the Kola Peninsula of Russia: pollen and stomata evidence . Journal of Ecology90, 627-638 .
17.
Glew, J.R.1991: Miniature gravity corer for recovering short sediment cores . Journal of Palaeolimnology5, 285-288 .
18.
Guiot, J.1990: Methodology of palaeoclimatic reconstruction from pollen in France . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology80, 49-46 .
19.
Guiot, J. and Goeury, C.1996: PPPBASE, a software for statistical analysis of paleoecological and paleoclimatological data . Dendrochronologia14, 295-230 .
20.
Guiot, J. , Harrison, S.P. and Prentice I.C.1993: Reconstruction of Holocene precipitation patterns in Europe using pollen and lake-level date . Quaternary Research40, 139-134 .
21.
Hammarlund, D. , Barnekow, L. , Birks, H.J.B. , Buchardt, B. and Edwards, T.W.D.2002: Holocene changes in atmospheric circulation recorded in the oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of lacustrine carbonates from northern Sweden . The Holocene12, 339-335 .
22.
Heikkila, M. and Seppa, H.2003: A 11,000 yr palaeotemperature reconstruction from the southern boreal zone in Finland . Quaternary Science Reviews22, 541-545 .
23.
Hyvirinen, H.1975: Absolute and relative pollen diagrams from northemmost Fennoscandia . Fennia142, 1-2 .
24.
Hyvirinen, H.1976: Flandrian pollen deposition rates and tree-line history in northernmost Fennoscandia . Boreas5, 163-175 .
25.
Hyvarinen, H. and Alhonen, P.1994: Holocene lake level changes in the Fennoscandian tree-line region, western Finnish Lapland: diatom and cladoceran evidence . The Holocene4, 251-255 .
26.
Jowsey, P.C.1966: An improved sampler . New Phytologist65, 245-248 .
27.
Jones, V. , Leng, M. , Solovieva, N. , Sloane, H. and Tarasov, P.2004: Holocene climate on the Kola Peninsula; evidence from the oxygen isotope record of diatom silica . Quaternary Science Reviews23, 833-839 .
28.
Karlen, W.1976: Lacustrine sediments and tree-limit variations as indicators of Holocene climatic fluctuations in Lappland, northern Sweden . Geografiska annaler58A, 1-33 .
29.
Korhola, A.1995: Holocene climatic variations in southern Finland reconstructed from peat initiation . The Holocene5, 43-58 .
30.
Kullman, L.1995a: Holocene tree limit and climate history from the Scandes Mountains, Sweden . Ecology7, 2490-2502 .
31.
Kullman, L.1995b: New and firm evidence for mid-Holocene appearance ofPicea abies in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. Journal of Ecology83, 439-447 .
32.
Lavrova, M.A.1960: Quaternary geology of the Kola Peninsula. Moscow-Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Academii Nauk SSSR (in Russian).
33.
Lebedeva, R.M , Kagan, L.Ya. and Nikonov, S.V. 1989: Climatological study of the Holocene deposits of the Kola Peninsula . Annual report on the programme 'Evolution of biosphere'. Apatity: Kola Science Centre, Geological Institute, 9-26 .
34.
Leemans, R. and Cramer, W.1991: The IIASA climate database for mean monthly values of temperature, precipitation and cloudiness on a global terrestrial grid. RR-91-18. Laxenburg: International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis .
35.
MacDonald, G.M. , Gervais, B.R. , Snyder, J.A. , Tarasov, G.A. and Borisova, O.K.2000: Radiocarbon datedPinus sylvestris L. wood beyond tree-line on the Kola Peninsula, Russia. The Holocene10, 143-147 .
36.
Moore, P.D. , Webb, J.A. and Collinson, M.E.1991: Pollen analysis (second edition). London: Blackwell Scientific Publications .
37.
Overpeck, J.T. , Prentice, I.C. and Webb, T. III1985: Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogues . Quaternary Research23, 87-108 .
38.
Prentice, I.C. , Cramer, W. , Harrison, S.P. , Leemans, R. , Monserud, R.A. and Solomon, A.M.1992: A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate . Journal of Biogeography19, 117-134 .
39.
Renberg, I. and Hansson, H.1993: A pump freeze corer for recent sediments . Limnology and Oceanography38, 1317-1321 .
40.
Seppi, H.1996: Post-glacial dynamics of vegetation and tree-lines in the far north of Fennoscandia . Fennia174, 1-96 .
41.
Seppii, H. and Birks, H.J.B.2001: July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstructions . The Holocene11, 527-539 .
42.
Seppii, H. and Birks, H.J.B.2002: Holocene climate reconstructions from the Fennoscandian tree-line area based on pollen data from Toskaljavri . Quaternary Research57, 191-199 .
43.
Seppa, H. and Hammarlund D.2000: Pollen-stratigraphical evidence of Holocene hydrological change in northern Fennoscandia supported by independent isotopic data . Journal of Paleolimnology24, 69-79 .
44.
Seppi, H. , Nyman, M. , Korhola, A. and Weckström, J.2002: Changes of treelines and alpine vegetation in relation to postglacial climate dynamics in northern Fennoscandia based on pollen and chironomid records . Journal of Quaternary Science17, 287-301 .
45.
Snyder, J.A. , MacDonald, G.M. , Forman, S.L. , Tarasov, G.A. and Mode, W.N.2000: Postglacial climate and vegetation history, northcentral Kola Peninsula, Russia: pollen and diatom records from Lake Yarnyshnoe-3 . Boreas29, 261-271 .
46.
Solovieva, N. 2000: A palaeoecological study of Holocene environmental change in a small upland lake from the Kola Peninsula, Russia. PhD thesis, University of London.
47.
Solovieva, N. and Jones, V.J.2002: A multiproxy record of Holocene environmental changes in the central Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia . Journal of Quaternary Science17, 303-318 .
48.
Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P.J.1993: Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C calibration program . Radiocarbon35, 215-230 .
49.
Tarasov, P.E. , Guiot, J. , Cheddadi, R. , Andreev, A.A. , Bezusko, L.G. , Blyakharchuk, T.A. , Dorofeyuk, N.I. , Filimonova, L.V. , Volkova, V.S. and Zernitskaya, V.P.1999: Climate in northern Eurasia 6000 years ago reconstructed from pollen data . Earth and Planetary Science Letters17(1/4), 635-645 .
50.
Tarasov, P.E. , Webb, T. III, T. , Andreev, A.A. , Afanas'eva, N.B. , Berezina, N.A. , Bezusko, L.G. , Blyakharchuk, T.A. , Bolikhovskaya, N.S. , Cheddadi, R. , Chernavskaya, M.M. , Chernova, G.M. , Dorofeyuk, N.I. , Dirksen, V.G. , Elina, G.A. , Filimonova, L.V. , Glebov, F.Z. , Guiot, J. , Gunova, V.S. , Hafrison, S.P. , Jolly, D. , Khomutova, V.I. , Kvavadze, E.V. , Osipova, I.M. , Panova, N.K. , Prentice, I.C. , Saarse, L. , Sevastyanov, D.V. , Volkova, V.S. and Zernitskaya, V.P.1998: Present-day and mid-Holocene biomes reconstructed from pollen and plant macrofossil data from the former Soviet Union and Mongolia . Journal of Biogeography25, 1029-1053 .
51.
Törnqvist, T.E. and Bierkens, M.C.1994: How smooth should the curves be for calibrating radiocarbon ages?Radiocarbon36, 11-26 .
52.
Vassiljev, J. and Harrison, S.P.1998: Simulating the Holocene lakelevel record of lake Bysjon, southern Sweden . Quaternary Research44, 62-71 .
53.
Wolfe, B.B. , Edwards, T.W.D. , Jiang, H. , MacDonald, G.M. , Gervais, B.R. and Snyder, J.A.2003: Effect of varying oceanicity on early-to mid-Holocene palaeohydrology, Kola Peninsula, Russia: isotopic evidence from treeline lakes . The Holocene13, 153-160 .
54.
Yakovlev, B.A.1961: Climate of the Murmansk region. Murmansk: Murmanskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo (in Russian).
