The formation of Mn-enrichments in Gotland Deep sediments has been linked to the occurrence of periodic inflows of saline water from the North Sea. In turn these saline inflow events are very strongly linked to variation in North Atlantic atmospheric conditions. Here sedimentary Mn-concentrations in mid-Holocene sediments are measured with a 0.5 mm sampling resolution using scanning electron microscope techniques. As the sedimentation rate in core 20001-5 was estimated to be approximately 0.5-1 mm per year, examining the variation in Mn-enrichments may potentially provide an annual record of variation in saline inflow, and by extension, North Atlantic climate on interannual timescales. There are many processes that can affect Mn-cycling in the Gotland Deep. When considered together, these processes could potentially act to remove or significantly weaken the transmission of the primary saline inflow signal to the measured geochemical record, producing an effectively random Mn-record. Analysis of the Mn-record as a time series of discrete events revealed that the Mn-record was not consistent with a random distribution of events, and contains some long-term order. Spectral analysis of the Mn-record then indicates a significant periodicity in the Mn-record between 33 and 35.5 mm. This represents a discrete decadal periodicity in Mn-enrichment at 25-55 years that is consistent with the timing of previously reported Mn-enrichments in Gotland Deep sediments.
Appenzeller, C. , Stocker, T.F. and Anklin, M.1998: North Atlantic Oscillation dynamics recorded in Greenland ice cores . Science2821, 446-449 .
2.
Behl, R.J. and Kennett, J.P.1996: Brief interstadial events in the Santa Barbara basin, NE Pacific, during the past 60 kyr . Nature379(6562), 243-246 .
3.
Blackman, R.B. and Tukey, J.W.1958: The measurement of power spectrafrom the point of view of communication engineering. New York: Dover Publications , 190-190 pp.
4.
Borngen, M. , Hupfer, P. and Olberg, M.1990: Occurrence and absence of strong salt influxes into the Baltic Sea . Meereswissenschaftliche Beriche, Warnemunde61, 11-19 .
5.
Bostrom, K. and Ingri, J.1988: Origin of iron-manganese-rich suspended matter in the Landsort Deep, NW Baltic Sea . Marine Chemistry24, 93-98 .
6.
Bottcher, M.E. and Hucknede, H.1997: First occurrence and stable isotope composition of authigenic g-MnS in the central Gotland Deep (Baltic Sea) . Marine Geology137, 201-205 .
7.
Brugmann, L. , Halberg, R. , Larsson, C. and Loffler, A.1997: Changing redox conditions in the Baltic Sea deep basins: impacts of concentration and speciation of trace metals . Ambio26(2), 107-112 .
8.
Bull, D. and Kemp, A.E.S.1995: Composition and origins of laminae in late Quaternary and Holocene sediments from the Santa Barbara basin. In Kennett, J.P. and Baldauf, J.G. , editors, Proceedings of the ODP, Scientific Results 146, 77-87.
9.
Burke, I.T. and Kemp, A.E.S.2002: Micro-fabric analysis of Ca-rhodochrosite laminae deposition, and Mn-sulphide formation in the Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta66(9), 1589-1600 .
10.
Burke, I.T. , Grigorov, I. and Kemp, A.E.S.2002: Micro-fabric study of diatomaceous and lithogenic deposition in laminated sediments from the Gotland Deep, Baltic Sea . Marine Geology183, 89-105 .
11.
Christiansen, C. and Kunzendorf, H.1998: Datings and sedimentation rate estimations during GOBEX a summary. In Emeis, K.C. and. Struck, U. , editors, Gotland Deep Experiment (GOBEX), Status report on investigations concerning benthic processes, sediment formation and accumulation, Meereswissenschaftliche Beriche, Warnemiunde 34, 55-76.
12.
Cox, D.R. and Lewis, P.A.W.1966: The statistical analysis of series of events. Methuen's monographs on applied probability and statistics. London: Methuen .
13.
Cullen, H.M. , D'Arrigo, D. , Cook, E.R. and Mann, M.E.2001: Multiproxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation . Paleoceanography16(1), 27-39 .
14.
Dean, J.M. , Kemp, A.E.S. and Pearce, R.B.2001: Palaeo-flux records from electron microscope studies of Holocene laminated sediments, Saanich Inlet, British Columbia . Marine Geology174(1-4), 139-158 .
15.
Dettinger, M.D. , Ghil, M. , Strong, C.M. , Weibel, W. and Yiou, P.1995: Software expedites singular-spectrum analysis of noisy time series . Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union76(2), 12, 14, 21.
16.
Emeis, K.C. and Struck, U. 1998: Gotland Deep Experiment (GOBEX). Status report on investigations concerning benthic processes, sediment formation and accumulation. Meereswissenschaftliche Beriche, Warnemunde 34.
17.
Emeis, K.C. , Neumann, T. , Endler, R. , Struck, U. , Kunzendorf, H. and Christiansen, C.1998: Geochemical records of sediments in the Eastern Gotland Basin products of sediment dynamics in a not-so-stagnant basin?Applied Geochemistry13, 34958 .
18.
Froelich, P.N. , Klinkhammer, G.P. , Bender, M.L. , Luedtke, N.A. , Heath, G.R. , Cullen, D. , Dauphin, P. , Hammond, D. , Hartman, B. and Maynard, V.1979: Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta43, 1075-1090 .
19.
Ghil, M. and Yiou, P.1995: Spectral methods: what they can and cannot do for clmatic times series. In Anderson, D.L.T. and Willebrand, J. , editors, Decadal clinate variability, Berlin: Springer , 445-482.
20.
Gingele, F.X. and Leipe, T.1997: Clay mineral assemblages in the western Baltic Sea: recent distribution and relation to sedimentary units . Marine Geology140, 97-115 .
21.
Hanninen, J. and Vuorinen, I.2000: Climate factors in the Atlantic control of the oceanographic and ecological changes in the Baltic Sea . Limnology and Oceanography45(3), 703-710 .
22.
Heiser, U. , Neumann, T. , Scholten, J. and Stfiben, D.2001: Recycling of manganese from anoxic sediments in stagnant deeps by seawater inflow: a study of surface sediments from the Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea . Marine Geology177, 151-166 .
23.
Huckriede, H. and Meischner, D.1996: Origin and environment of manganese-rich sediments within black shale deeps . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta60, 1399-1413 .
24.
Hurrell, J.W.1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation . Science269, 676-679 .
25.
Hurrell, J.W. and van Loon, H.1997: Decadal variation in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation . Climate Change36(3-4), 301-325 .
26.
Ignatius, H.1958: On the rate of sedimentation in the Baltic Sea . Bulletin de la Commission Geologiquede Finlande180, 135-145 .
27.
Jakobsen, R. and Postma, D.1989: Formation and solid solution behaviour of Ca-rhodochrosites in marine muds of the Baltic Deeps . Geochimica et Cosmochinica Acta53, 2639-2648 .
28.
Jenkins, G.M. and Watts, D.G.1968: Spectral analysis and its applications. San Francisco: Holden-Day .
29.
Kemp, A.E.S. , Pearce, R.B. , Pike, J. and Marshall, J.E.A.1998: Microfabric and microcompositional studies of Pliocene and Quaternary sapropels from the eastern Mediterranean . Proceedings of the ODP, Scientific Results160, 349-364 .
30.
Kotilainen, A.T. , Sarrinen, T. and Winterhalter, B.2000: Highresolution paleomagnetic dating of sediments deposited in the central Baltic Sea during the last 3000 years . Marine Geology166, 51-64 .
31.
Kreyszig, E.1999. Advanced engineering mathematics. New York: Wiley , 1273 pp.
32.
Kulik, D.A. , Kersten, M. , Heiser, U. and Neumann, T.2000: Application of Gibbs energy minimization to model earlydiagenetic solid-solution aqueous-solution equilibria involving authigenic rhodochrosites in anoxic Baltic Sea sediments . Aquatic Geochemistry6(2), 147-199 .
33.
Lepland, A. and Stevens, R.L.1998: Manganese authigenesis in the Landsort Deep, Baltic Sea . Marine Geology151, 1-25 .
34.
Manheim, F.T.1961: A geochemical profile in the Baltic Sea . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta25, 52-70 .
35.
Marshall, J. , Kushnir, Y. , Battisti, D. , Chang, P. , Czaja, A. , Dickson, R. , Hurrell, J. , McCartney , Saravanan, R. and Visbeck, M.2001: North Atlantic climate variability: phenomena, impacts and mechanisms . International Journal of Climatology21, 1863-1898 .
36.
Matthalus, W.1995: Natural variability and human impacts reflected in long-term changes in the Baltic deep water conditions a brief review . Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift47, 47-65 .
37.
Matthaius, W. and Franck, H.1992: Characteristics of major Baltic inflows-a statistical analysis . Continental Shelf Research12, 1375-1400 .
38.
Matthaus, W. and Lass, H.U.1995: The recent salt inflow into the Baltic Sea . Journal of Physical Oceanography25(2), 280-286 .
39.
Matthaus, W. and Schinke, H.1994: Mean atmospheric circulation patterns associated with major Baltic inflows . Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift46, 321-399 .
40.
Matthaus, W. , Nehring, D. , Lass, H.U. , Nausch, G. , Nagel, K. and Siegel, H.1996: The Baltic Sea in 1996 continuation of stagnation and decreasing phosphate concentrations . Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift48(2), 161-174 .
41.
Nehring, D. , Matthaus, W. , Lass, H.U. , Nausch, G. and Nagel, K.1995a: The Baltic Sea 1994 consequences of the hot summer and inflow events . Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift47(2), 131-144 .
42.
Nehring, D. , Matthaus, W. , Lass, H.U. , Nausch, G. and Nagel, K.1995b: The Baltic Sea in 1995 beginning of a new stagnation period in its central deep waters and decreasing nutrient load in its surface layer . Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift47(4), 319-327 .
43.
Nesterov, E.S.1998: Characteristic features of ocean and atmosphere in different phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Russian Meteorology . Hydrology8, 58-65 .
44.
Neumann, T. , Christiansen, C. , Clasen, S. , Emeis, K.C. and Kunzendorf, H.1997: Geochenmical records of salt-water inflows into the deeps of the Baltic Sea . Continental Shelf Reseach17, 95-115 .
45.
Neumann, T. , Heiser, U. , Leosson, M.A. and Kersten, M.2002: Early Diagenetic processes during Mn-carbonate formation: evidence from the isotopic composition of authigenic Ca-rhodochrosites of the Baltic Sea . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta66, 867-879 .
46.
Nordberg, K. , Gustafsson, M. and Krantz, A.-L.2000: Decreasing oxygen concentrations in the Gullmar Fjord, Sweden, as confirmed by benthic foraminifera, and the possible association with NAO . Journal of Marine Systems23, 303-316 .
47.
Paillard, D. , Labeyrie, L. and Yiou, P.1996: Macintosh program performs time-series analysis . Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union77, 379-379 .
48.
Pike, J. and Kemp, A.E.S.1996: Preparation and analysis techniques for studies of laminated sediments. In Kemp, A.E.S. , editor, Palaeoclimatology and paleoceanography from laminated sediments, London: Geology Society Special Publication , 37-48.
49.
Pike, J. and Kemp, A.E.S.1997. Early Holocene decadal-scale ocean variability recorded in Gulf of California laminated sediments . Paleoceanography12(2), 227-238 .
50.
Rogers, J.C.1997: North Atlantic storm track variability and its association to the North Atlantic Oscillation and climate variability . Journal of Climate10, 1635-1647 .
51.
Schinke, H. and Matthaius, W.1998: On the causes of major Baltic inflows an analysis of a long time series . Continental Shelf Research18, 67-97 .
52.
Schmutz, C. , Luterbacher, J. , Gyalistras, D. , Xoplaki, E. and Wanner, H.2000: Can we trust proxy-based NAO index reconstructions?Geophysical Research Letters27(8), 1135-1138 .
53.
Sivkov, V.V. , Emeis, K.C. , Endler, R. , Zhurov, Y. and Kuleshov, A.1998: Observations of the Nepheloid layers in the Gotland Deep (August 1994). In Emeis, K.C. and Struck, U. , editors, Gotland Deep Experiment (GOBEX), Status report on investigations concerning benthic processes, sediment formation and accumulation, Meereswissenschaftliche Beriche, Warnemunde 34, 84-96.
54.
Sohlenius, G.1996: The history of the Baltic proper since the Late Weichselian deglaciation as recorded in sediments . Quaternaria A3, 34-34 .
55.
Sohlenius, G. , Sternbeck, J. , Anden, E. and Westman, P.1996: Holocene history of the Baltic Sea as recorded in a sediment core from the Gotland Deep . Marine Geology134, 183-201 .
56.
Sternbeck, J. and Sohlenius, G.1997: Authigenic sulphide deposits and carbonate mineral formation in Holocene sediments of the Baltic Sea . Chemical Geology135, 55-73 .
57.
Suess, E.1979: Mineral phases formed in anoxic sediments by microbial decomposition of organic matter . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta43, 337-352 .
58.
Svinridov, N.I. , Sivkov, V.V. , Rudenko, M.V. and Trimonis, E.S.1997: Geological evidence of bottom currents in Gotland Basin of the Gotland Basin . Oceanology37, 838-844 .
59.
Thomson, D.J.1982: Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis . Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. 70, 1055-1096 .
60.
Thomson, D.J.1990: Time series analysis of Holocene climate data . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London A330, 601-616 .
61.
Walker, G.T. and Bliss, E.W.1932: World weather V . Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society4(36), 53-84 .
