Previous palaeoecological studies have shown that there have been major range shifts in Tsuga (hemlock) during the middle and late Holocene that seem to indicate climatic cooling and an increase in available moisture. We examined lake-level changes and peatland growth at Glimmerglass Lake and peatland in the Sylvania Wilderness Area to determine if the mid-Holocene increase in moisture indicated by the pollen record also influenced lakes and wetlands. Sphagnum peat began accumulating at the site at 6240 cal. yr BP. Diatom-inferred depth reconstructions show that the lake level rose 2 m and the peatland expanded out of its basin at 5300 cal. yr BP. All of these changes occurred as the last remnant of the Laurentide Ice Sheet disappeared and orbital forcing reduced seasonality relative to the early Holocene. We conclude that these continental-scale factors caused increased moisture availability in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, resulting in rising lakewater levels and peatland expansion.
Allison, T.D. , Moeller, R.E. and Davis, M.B.1986: Pollen in laminated sediment provides evidence for a mid-Holocene forest pathogen outbreak . Ecology67, 1101-1105 .
2.
Almquist-Jacobson, H.1995: Lake-level fluctuations at Ljustjarnen, central Sweden and their implications for the Holocene climate of Scandinavia . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology118, 369-390 .
3.
Almquist-Jacobson, H. and Foster, D.1995: Toward an integrated model for raised-bog development: theory and field evidence . Ecology76, 2503-2516 .
4.
Baker, R.G. , Maher, L.J. , Chumbley, C.A. and van Zant, K.L.1992: Patterns of Holocene environmental change in the Midwestern United States . Quaternary Research37, 379-399 .
5.
Bennett, K.D. and Fuller, J.L.2002: Determining the age of the mid-Holocene Tsuga canadensis (hemlock) decline, eastern North AmericaThe Holocene12, 421-431 .
6.
Bernabo, J.C. and Webb, T.1977: Changing patterns in the Holocene pollen record of northeastern North America: a mapped summary . Quaternary Research8, 64-96 .
7.
Bhiry, N. and Filion, L.1996: Mid-Holocene hemlock decline in eastern North America linked with phytophagous insect activity . Quaternary Research45, 312-320 .
8.
Booth, R.K. , Jackson, S.T. and Thompson, T.A.2002: Paleoecology of a Northern Michigan Lake and the relationship among climate, vegetation and Great Lakes water-levels . Quaternary Research57, 120-130 .
9.
Brubaker, L.B.1975: Postglacial forest patterns associated with till and outwash in North Central Upper Michigan . Quaternary Research5, 499-527 .
10.
Brugam, R.B.1993: Surface-sample analogues of Elk Lake fossil diatom assemblages. In Bradbury, J.P. and Dean, W.E. , editors, Elk Lake, Minnesota: evidence for rapid climate change in the north-central United States, Geological Society of America , Special Paper 276, 189-214.
11.
Brugam, R.B. and Johnson, S.M.1997: Holocene lake-level rise in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, as indicated by peatland growth . The Holocene7, 355-359 .
12.
Brugam, R.B. , Giorgi, M. , Sesvold, C. , Johnson, T.M. and Almos, R.1997: Holocene vegetation history in the Sylvania Wilderness Area of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . American Midland Naturalist137, 62-71 .
13.
Brugam, R.B. , McKeever, K. and Kolesa, L.1998: A diatom-inferred water depth reconstruction for an Upper Peninsula, Michigan, lake . Journal of Paleolimnology20, 267-276 .
14.
Bryson, R.A. and Hare, F.A.1974: The climates of North America. In Bryson, R.A. and Hare, F.K. , editors, Climates of North America, New York: Elsevier , 1-46.
15.
Calcote, R.R.2003: Mid-Holocene climate and the hemlock decline: the range limit of Tsuga canadensis in the western Great Lakes region, USA . The Holocene13, 215-224 .
16.
Camburn, K.E. and Kingston, J.C.1986: The genus Melosira from soft-water lakes with special reference to Northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. In Smol, J.P. , Battarbee, R.W. , Davis, R.E. and Merilainen, J. , editors, Diatoms and lake acidity, Dordrecht: Dr.W. Junk ,201-211.
17.
Clymo, R.S. , Turunen, J. and Tolonen, K.1998: Carbon accumulation in peatland . Oikos81, 368-388 .
18.
Davis, M.B. 1981: Outbreaks of forest pathogens in Quaternary history . Proceedings of the IVth International Palynological Conference, Lucknow, India, 3, 316-317 .
19.
Davis, M.B.2001: Past and future forest response to rapid climate change. In Schulze, E.D. , Heimann, M. , Harrison, S. , Holland, E. , Lloyd, J. , Prentice, I.C. and Schimel, D. , editors, Global biogeochemical cycles in the climate system, London: Academic Press , 167-175.
20.
Davis, M.B. and Zabinski, C.1992: Changes in geographical range resulting from greenhouse warming: effects on biodiversity in forests. In Peters, R.L. and Lovejoy, T.E. , editors, Global warming and biological diversity, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press , 297-308.
21.
Davis, M.B. , Calcote, R.R. , Sugita, S. and Takahara, H.1998: Patchy invasion and origin of a hemlock-hardwood forest mosaic . Ecology79, 2641-2659 .
22.
Davis, M.B. , Douglas, C. , Calcote, R. , Cole, K.L. , Winkler, M.G. and Flakner, R.2000: Holocene climates in Western Great Lake National Parks and lakeshores: implications for future climate change . Conservation Biology14, 968-983 .
23.
Davis, M.B. , Schwartz, M.W. and Woods, K.1991: Detecting a species limit from pollen in sediments . Journal of Biogeography18, 653-668 .
24.
Davis, M.B. , Spear, R.W. and Shane, L.C.K.1980: Holocene climate of New England . Quaternary Research14, 240-250 .
25.
Davis, M.B. , Sugita, S. , Calcote, R.R. and Frelich, L.1992: Effects of invasion by Tsuga canadensis on a North American forest ecosystem. In Teller, A. , Mathy, P. and Jeffers, J.N.R. , editors, Response of forest ecosystems to environmental changes, London and New York: Elsevier , 34-44.
26.
Davis, M.B. , Woods, K.D. , Webb, S.L. and Futyma, R.P.1986: Dispersal versus climate: expansion of Fagus and Tsuga into the Upper Great Lakes Region . Vegatio67, 93-103 .
27.
Delcourt, P.A. , Nester, P.L. , Delcourt, H.R. , Mora, C.I. and Orvis, K.H.2002: Holocene lake-effect precipitation in Northern Michigan . Quaternary Research57, 225-233 .
28.
Digerfeldt, G.1986: Studies on past lake-level fluctuations. In Bergiund, B. , editor, Handbook of Holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology, Coldwell, NJ: Blackburn Press , 127-143.
29.
Ewing, H.A.2002: The influence of substrate on vegetation history and ecosystem development . Ecology83, 2766-2781 .
30.
Faegri, K. and Iversen, J.1975: Textbook of pollen analysis. New York: Hafner Press , 237-237 pp.
31.
Haas, J.H. and McAndrews, H.H. 2000: The summer drought related hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) decline in eastern North America 5,700 to 5,100 years ago . In McManus, K.A. , Shields, K.S. and Souto, D.R. , editors, Proceedings: symposium on sustainable management of hemlock ecosystems in eastern North America, General Technical Report 267, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 81-88 .
32.
Hall, R.I. and Smol, J.P.1993: The influence of catchment size on lake trophic status during the hemlock decline and recovery (4,800 to 3,500 BP) in southern Ontario lakes . Hydrobiologia269, 371-390 .
33.
Hustedt, F. 1930: Die Kieselaglen Deutschlands, Östereichs und der Schweiz. Teil 1. Koenigstein Otto Koeltz.
34.
Hustedt, F. 1959: Die Kieselaglen Deutschlands, Östereichs und der Schweiz. Teil 2. Koenigstein Otto Koeltz.
35.
Hustedt, F. 1961-66: Die Kieselaglen Deutschlands, Östereichs und der Schweiz. Teil 3. Koenigstein Otto Koeltz.
36.
Jacobson, G.L.1979: The paleoecology of white pine (Pinus strobus) in Minnesota . Journal of Ecology67, 697-726 .
37.
Jowsey, P.C.1986: An improved peat sampler . New Phytologist65, 245-248 .
38.
Kingston, J.C.1982: Association and distribution of common diatoms in surface samples from Northern Minnesota peatlands . Nova Hedwigia Beiheft73, 333-346 .
39.
Kratz, T.K. and DeWitt, C.B.1986: Internal factors controlling peatland-lake ecosystem development . Ecology67, 100-107 .
40.
Kutzbach, J. , Gallimore, R. , Harrison, S. , Behling, P. , Selin, R. and Laarif, R.1998: Climate and biome simulations for the past 21,000 years . Quaternary Science Reviews17, 471-506 .
41.
Line, J.M. and Birks, H.J.B.1990: WACALIB version 2.1 - a computer program to reconstruct environmental variables from fossil assemblages by weighted averaging . Journal of Paleolimnology3, 170-173 .
42.
Newby, P.E. , Kilioram, P. , Waldorf, M.R. , Shuman, B.N. , Webb, R.S. and Webb, T. III2000: 14,000 years of sediment, vegetation and waterlevel changes at Makepeace Cedar Swamp, southeastern Massachusetts . Quaternary Research53, 352-368 .
43.
Parshall, T.2002: Late Holocene stand-scale invasion by hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) at its western range limit . Ecology83, 1386-1398 .
44.
Patrick, R. and Reimer, C.W.1996: The diatoms of the united States 1. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences , Monograph 13, 213-213 pp.
45.
Patrick, R. and Reimer, C.W.1975: The diatoms of the United States 2. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences , Monograph 13, 213-213 pp.
46.
Peterson, W.L.1986: Late Wisconsinan glacial history of northeastern Wisconsin and western Upper Michigan. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1651, 14-14 pp.
47.
Phillips, D.W.1978: Environmental climatology of Lake Superior . Journal of Great Lakes Research4, 288-309 .
48.
Shuman, B. , Bravo, J. , Kaye, J. , Lynch, J.A. , Newby, P. and Webb, T. III2001: Late-Quaternary water-level variations and vegetation history at Crooked Pond, southeastern Massachusetts . Quaternary Research56, 401-410 .
49.
St Jacques, J. , Douglas, M.S.V. and McAndrews, J.H.2000: Mid-Holocene hemlock decline and diatom communities in van Nostrand Lake, Ontario, Canada . Journal of Paleolimnology23, 385-397 .
50.
Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P.J.1993: Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program . Radiocarbon35, 215-230 .
51.
Watts, W.A. and Winter, T.C.1966: Plant macrofossils from Kirchner Marsh, Minnesota - a paleoecological study . Geological Society of America Bulletin77, 1339-1360 .
52.
Webb, T. III1974: A vegetational history from northern Wisconsin: evidence from modern and fossil pollen . American Midland Naturalist92, 12-34 .
53.
Webb, T. III , Bartlein, P.J. , Harrison, S.P. and Anderson, K.H.1993a: Vegetation, lake-levels and climate in eastern North America for the past 18,000 years. In Wright, H.E. , Kutzbach, J.E. , Webb, T., III , Ruddiman, W.F. , Street-Perrott, F.A. and Bartlein P.J. , editors, Global climates since the last glacial maximum, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press , 415-467.
54.
Williams, J.W. , Shuman, B.T. and Webb, T. III2001: Dissimilarity analyses of late-Quaternary vegetation and climate in eastern North America . Ecology82, 3346-3362 .
55.
Winkler, M.G. , Swain, A.M. and Kutzbach, J.E.1986: Middle Holocene dry period in the northern Midwestern United States: lake-levels and pollen stratigraphy . Quaternary Research25, 235-250 .
56.
Woods, K.D. and Davis, M.B.1989: Paleoecology of range limits: beech in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . Ecology70, 681-696 .
57.
Wright, H.E.1980: Cores of soft lake sediments . Boreas9, 107-114 .
58.
Yang, J.-R. and Duthie, H.C.1995. Regression and weighed averaging models relating surficial sedimentary diatom assemblages to water depth in Lake Ontario . Journal of Great Lakes Research21, 84-94 .
