Combined visual cathodoluminescence (CL) and spectral analyses of CL reveals periodic enrichments of rare earth elements (REE3+) and manganese (Mn2+) within the laminations of eight calcitic lateglacial to postglacial stalagmites. In the annual layers, the enrichment of trace elements can be correlated with the autumn/winter laminae, which are strongly pigmented and rich in organic carbon. During the Holocene, they occur especially in the Atlantic stage and in subrecent/recent times. The enrichment of REE3+ and Mn + reflects times of more intense weathering, which presumably prevailed during the Atlantic warm and humid climate. In subrecent/recent times, especially the last 100 years, these enrichments may have been at least partially anthropogenically induced.
Ayliffe, L.K. , Marianelli, P.C. , Moriarty, K.C. , Wells, R.T. , McCulloch, M.T. , Mortimer, G.E. and Hellstom, J.C.1998: 500ka precipitation record from southeastern Australia: evidence for interglacial relative aridity . Geology26, 147-150 .
2.
Baker, A. , Genty, D. , Dreybrodt, W. , Barnes, W.L. , Mockler, N.J. and Grapes, J.1998: Testing theoretically predicted stalagmite growth rate with recent annually laminated samples: implications for past stalagmite deposition . Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta62, 393-404 .
3.
Baker, A. , Smart, P.L. and Ford, D.C.1993a: Northwest European paleoclimate as indicated by growth frequency variations of secondary calcite deposits . Palteogeography Palaeoclimatolog.y Palaeoecology100, 291-301 .
4.
Baker, A. , Smart, P.L. , Lawrence Edwards, R. and Richards, D.A.1993b: Annual growth banding in a cave stalagmite . Nature364, 518-520 .
5.
Banner, J.L. , Musgrove, M. , Asmerom, Y. , Edwards, R.L. and Hoff, J.A.1996: High-resolution temporal record of Holocene ground-water chemistry: tracing link between climate and hydrology . Geology24, 1049-1053 .
6.
Bar-Matthews, M. , Ayalon, A. and Kaufman, A. 1998: palaeoclimate evolution in the eastern Mediterranean region during the last 58000yr as derived from stable isotopes of speleothems (Soreq Cave, Israel) . In Murphy, P. , editor, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Isotope Techniques in the Study of Past and Current Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and the Atmosphere, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA-SM-349/17, 673-682 .
7.
Bar-Matthews, M. , Matthews, A. and Ayalon, A.1991: Environmental controls of speleothem mineralogy in a karstic dolomitic terrain (Soreq Cave, Israel) . Journal of Geology99, 189-207 .
8.
Bhalla, R.J.R.S.B. and White, E.W.1971: Intrinsic cathodoluminescence emission from willemite single crystals . Journal of Luminescence4, 2267-2268 .
9.
Burns, S.J. , Matter, A. , Frank, N. and Mangini, A.1998: Speleothembased palaeoclimate record from northern Oman . Geology26, 499-502 .
10.
Caspers, G. , Freund, H. , Kleinmann, A. and Merkt, J.1999: Das Klima im Quartar. In Boetzkes, M. , Schweitzer, I. and Vespermann, J. , editors, Eiszeit-Das gro,fe Abenteuer der Naturbeherrschung, Stuttgart: Thortfecke , 78-94.
11.
Emeis, K.-C. and Kempe, S. 1986: Speleothems of the Winterberg and Quaternary climate of the Harz Mountains . Proceedings of the 9th Internatinal Congress of Speleology 1, 281-284 .
12.
Falk, F. , Hahne, K. and Liitzner, H.2000: Der Beginn siliziklastischer Sedimentation im Altpalaozoikum des Saxothuringikums: Sedimentologie und Geochemie des Richtprofils Goldisthal (Thiiringisches Schiefergebirge) . Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft151, 365-414 .
13.
Fleet, A.J.1984: Aqueous and sedimentary geochemistry of rare earth elements. In Henderson, J. , editor, Rare earthi element geochlemistry, Amsterdam: Elsevier , 343-373.
14.
Frank, N. , Braun, M. , Hambach, U. , Mangini, A. and Wagner, A.2000: Warm period growth of travertin during the last interglaciation in southern Germany . Quaternary Research54, 38-48 .
15.
Frisia, S. , Borsato, A. , Fairchild, I.J. and McDermott, F.2000: Calcite fabrics, growth mechanisms and environments of formation in speleothems from the Italian Alps and southwestern Ireland . Journal of Sedimentary Research70, 1183-1196 .
16.
Fuchtbauer, H. and Richter, D.K.1988: Karbonatgesteine. In Fuchtbauer, H. , editor, Sedimente und Sedimentgesteine Teil II, Stuttgart: Schweizerbart , 233-434.
Genty, D. and Quinif, Y.1996: Annually laminated sequences in the internal structure of some Belgian stalagmites-importance for paleoclimatology . Journal of Sedimentary Research66, 275-288 .
19.
Genty, D. , Baker, A. and Barnes, W.1997: Comparaison entre les lamines luminescentes et les lamines visibles annuelles de stalagmites . Compte Rendu de Academic des Science Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes320, 193-200 .
20.
Genty, D. , Deflandre, G. , Quinif, Y. and Verheyden, S.1999: Les lamines de croissance des speleothemes: origine et interet paleoclimatique . Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de Belgique106, 63-77 .
21.
Geyh, M.A.1970: Zeitliche Abgrenzung von Klimaiinderungen mit 14C-Daten von Kalksinter und organischen Substanzen . Geologisches Jahrbulch Beihefte98, 15-22 .
22.
Geyh, M.A. , Reiff, W. and Frank, N.1999: Grenzen der radiometrischen 230 Th/U-Altersbestimmung der Sauerwasserkalkvorkommen (Travertine) in Stuttgart . Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft150, 703-733 .
23.
Goede, A. and Vogel, J.C.1991: Trace element variations and dating of a Late Pleistocene Tasmanian speleothem . Paleogeography Paleoclimnatology Paleoecology88, 121-131 .
24.
Goede, A. , McCulloch, M. , McDermott, F. and Hawkesworth, C.1998: Aeolian contribution to strontium and strontium isotope variations in a Tasmanian speleothem . Chemical Geology149, 37-50 .
25.
Gotze, J. , Habermann, D. , Neuser, R.D. and Richter, D.K.1999: High-resolution spectrometric analysis of rare earth elements-activated cathodoluminescence in feldspar minerals . Chemicall Geology153, 81-91 .
26.
Gradzinski, M.2000: Climate changes-the Karst record I, guidebook and abstracts. Cracow: Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University , 108-108 pp.
27.
Habermann, D. , Gotze, J. , Neuser, R.D. and Richter, D.K.1999a: The phenomenon of intrinsic cathodoluminescence: case studies of quartz, calcite and apatite . Zentralblattfur Geologie und Palaontontologie Teil 1 1997, 1275-1284 .
28.
Habermann, D. , Meijer, J. , Neuser, R.D. , Richter, D.K. , Rolfs, C. and Stephan, A.1999b: Micro-PIXE and quantitative cathodoluminescence spectroscopy: combined high resolution trace element analyses in minerals . Nuclear Instruments and Methods in PhSysics ResearchB150, 470-477 .
29.
Habermann, D. , Neuser, R.D. and Richter, D.K.1996: REE-activated cathodoluminescence of calcite and dolomite: high resolution spectrometric analysis of CL emission (HRS-CL) . Sedimentary Geology101, 1-7 .
30.
Habermann, D. , Neuser, R.D. and Richter, D.K.1998: Low limit of Mn2+ activated cathodoluminescence of calcite: state of the art . Sedimentary Geology116, 13-24 .
31.
Jones, B.2000: Microbial sediments in tropical karst terrains: a model based on Cayman Islands. In Riding, R.E. and Awramik, S.M. , editors, AMficrobial sedliments, Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer Verlag , 171-178.
32.
Lauritzen, S.-E. , editor 1996: Climate change: the Kairst record. Karst Waters Institute special publications. Charles Town: Karst Water Institute , 196196 pp.
33.
Lauritzen, S.E. and Lundberg, J.1999: Speleothems and climate . The Holocene9, 643-722 .
Mann, M.E. , Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K.1998: Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries . Nature392, 779-787 .
36.
Marshall, D.J.1988: Cathlodoluminescence in geosciences. Boston: Unwin Hyman , 146-146 pp.
37.
Mason, R.A. and Mariano, A.N.1990: Cathodoluminescence activation in manganese bearing and rare earth bearing synthetic calcites . Chemical Geology88. 191-260 .
38.
McDermott, F. , Frisia, S. , Huang, Y. , Longinelli, A. , Spiro, B. , Heaton, T.H.E. , Hawkesworth, C.J. , Borsato, A. , Keppens, E. , Fairchild, I.J. , van der Borg, K. , Verheyden, S. and Selmo, E.1999: Holocene climatic variability in Europe: evidence from 6l80, textural and extension-rate variations in three speleothems . Quaternary Science Reviews18, 1021-1038 .
39.
McGarry, S. and Baker, A.2000: Organic acid fluorescence: applications to speleothem palaeoenvironmental reconstruction . Quaternary Science Reviews19, 1087-1101 .
40.
McLennan, S.M.1989: Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In Lipin, B.R. and McKay, G.A. , editors, Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements, Reviews in Mineralogy 21, 168-200.
41.
Mergner, W. , Brix, M.R. , Hagemann, P. , Oelze, R. and Richter, D.K.1992: Sinterbecken im Malachitdom mit wasserspiegelparallelen Karbonatkrusten. In Geologisches Landesamt NRW , editor, Der Malachlitdomn Ein Beispiel interdisziplindrer Hdhlenforschung im Sauerland, Krefeld: Geologisches Landesamt Von Nordhein-Westfalen , 151-173.
42.
Miotke, F.D.1974: Carbon dioxide and the soil atmosphere . Abhandlungen zur Karst-und Hdlhlenkunde ReiheA9, 1-49 .
43.
Neuser, R.D.1995: A new high-intensity cathodoluminescence microscope and its application to weakly luminescing minerals . Bochumer geologischle und geotechnische Arbeiten44, 116-118 .
44.
Neuser, R.D. , Bruhn, F. , Gotze, J. , Habermann, D. and Richter, D.K.1996: Kathodolumineszenz: Methodik und Anwendung . Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie Teil I 1995, 287-306 .
45.
Niggemann, S.2000: Klimabezogene Untersuchungen an spatbis postglazialen Stalagmiten aus Massenkalkhohlen des Sauerlandes. In Richter, D.K. and Wurth, G. , editors, Beitrage zur Speleologie I, Bochumer geologische und geotechnische Arbeiten 55, 5-129.
46.
Niggemann, S. , Frank, N. , Mangini, A. , Richter, D.K. and Wurth, G.2000: Holozaine Stalagmiten des Sauerlandes (Deutschland) als Klimaarchive . Mitteilungen des Verbandes der deutschen Hohlen-und Karstforscher46, 84-90 .
47.
Niggemann, S. , Mangini, A. , Richter, D.K. and Wurth, G.2003: A palaeoclimate record of the last 17600 years in stalagmites from the B7-Cave, Sauerland, Germany . Quaternary Science Reviews22, 557-569 .
48.
Niggemann, S. , Richter, D.K. and Wurth, G.1999: Graue Sinter in Besucherhohlen des Sauerlandes . Terra Nostra99, 186-188 .
49.
Railsback, L.B. , Brook, G.A. , Chen, J. , Kalin, R. and Fleisher, C.J.1994: Environmental controls on the petrology of a Late Holocene speleothem from Botswana with annual layers of aragonite and calcite . Journal of Sedimnentary ResearchA64, 147-155 .
50.
Richter, D.K. , Gotte, Th. , Gótze, J. and Neuser, R.D.2003: Progress and application of cathodoluminescence in sedimentary petrology . Mineralogy and Petrology79, 127-166 .
51.
Richter, D.K. , Giitte, Th. , Niggemann, S. and Wurth, G.2002: Cathodoluminescence of carbonate speleothems: state of the art. In Carrasco, F. , Duran, J.J. and Andreo, B. , editors, Karst and environment, Malaga: Fundación Cueva de Nerja , 381-387.
52.
Richter, D.K. , Habermann, D. , Neuser, R.D. and Oelze, R.1995: Kathodolumineszenz-Untersuchungen an Hohlensintern des nördlichen Sauerlandes . Spaleologisches Jahrbuch Verein fur Hohllenkunde in Westfalen11, 33-37 .
53.
Roberts, MS. , Smart, P.L. , Hawkesworth, C.J. , Perkins, W.T. and Pearce, N.J.G.1999: Trace element variations in coeval Holocene speleothems from GB Cave, southwest England . The Holocene9, 707-713 .
Sippel, R.F. and Spencer, A.B. 1970: Luminescence petrography and properties of lunar crystalline rocks and breccias . In Levison, A.A. , editor, Proceedings of Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference, vol. 3, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta Supplement 1, 2413-2426 .
56.
Stolz, J.F.2000: Structure of microbial mats and biofilms. In Riding, R.E. and Awramik, S.M. , editors, Microbial sediments, Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer Verlag , 1-8.
57.
Wiesenfeld, K. and Moss, F.1995: Stochastic resonance and the benefits of noise: from ice age to cray-fish and SQUIDs . Nature373, 33-36 .
58.
Winograd, I.J. , Coplen, T.B. , Landwehr, J.M. , Riggs, A.C. , Ludwig, K.R. , Szabo, B.J. , Kolesar, P.T. and Revesz, K.M.1992: Continuous 500,000-year climate record from vein calcite in Devil's Hole, Nevada . Science258, 255-260 .
59.
Wurth, G. 2002: Klimagesteuerte Rhythmik in spatbis postglazialen Stalagmiten des Sauerlandes, der Frankischen Alb und der Bayrischen Alpen. PhD thesis, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum.
60.
Wurth, G. , Niggemann, S. and Richter, S.2000: Der hierarchische Aufbau des Laminationsgefuiges eines spiit/postglazialen Kerzenstalagmiten aus der Zoolithenhohle bei Burggaillenreuth (Friinkische Schweiz). In Richter, D.K. and Wurth, G. , editors, Beitrige zur Speldologie L, Bochumer geologischle und geotechnische Arbeiten 55, 131-151.
61.
Zhengtang, G. , Shuzhen, P. and Tungshen, L.2001: Millennial-scale oscillations of loess weathering over the last glacial period . Past Global Changes Newsletter9(2), 9.
