Stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating and analyses of pollen, plant macrofossils and testate amoebae were used to reconstruct the development and ecology of a small raised bog in a karst-dominated landscape in the Swiss Jura Mountains. Special focus was on past vegetation and on the history of Pinus rotundata in relation to anthropogenic and climatic influences. Testate amoebae were used to reconstruc-t past local soil pH and water-table depth. The inferred development of the Praz-Rodet bog typifies a classic hydroseral tefrestrialization of a small basin. Two features are specific for this site. First, the bog was much wetter than today for a long period; according to our hypothesis, this only changed as a consequence of human activities. Second, two hiatuses are present at the coring location (Younger Dryas--early Preboreal, and 4700-2800 cal. yr BP), the former probably caused by low lake productivity due to cold temperatures and the latter by the erosional activity of the adjacent small river. The date of 2800 cal. yr BP for renewed peat accumulation may be related to climatic change (Subboreal-Subatlantic transition). Pollen indicators failed to show one hiatus: an apparently complete pollen sequence is therefore no guarantee of an uninterrupted sediment accumulation. Evidence of early minor human impact on the vegetation in the Joux Valley dates back to c. 6850 calendar years, congruous with the early Neolithic in the Jura Mountains. The history of Pinuis rotindata appears to be more complex than previously believed. Human activity is clearly responsible for the present abundance of this species, but the tree was naturally present on the bog long before the first evidence of important human disturbance of the site (1500 cal. yr BP). It is suggested that, in karst-dominated landscapes, dense forests growing on mineral soils around raised bogs may significantly reduce summer evapotranspiration by acting as windbreaks. Forest clearance results in increased evapotranspiration, causing a lowering of the water table on the bog and a modification of the vegetation cover. This hypothesis has implications for the management of similar small raised bogs in karst-dominated landscape.
Aaby, B. and Berglund B.E.1986: Characterisation of peat and lake deposits. In Berglund, B.E. , editor, Handbook of Holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology, Chichester: John Wiley , 231-246.
2.
Ammann, B. and Lotter, A.F.1989: Late-Glacial radiocarbon-and palynostratigraphy on the Swiss Plateau . Boreas18, 109-126 .
3.
Appleby, P.G. , Shotyk, W. and Fankhauser, A.1997: 210Pb age dating of three peat cores in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland . Water Air and Soil Pollution100, 223-231 .
4.
Aubert, D.1943: Monographie geologique de la vallee de Joux (Jura vaudois) . Materiaux pour la Carte Geologique de la Suisse78, 134-134 pp.
5.
Begeot, C. and Richard, H.1996: L'origine des peuplements de Pin A crochets (Pinus uncinata Miller ex Mirbel) sur la tourbiere de Frasne et exploitation de la tourbe dans le Jura . Acta botanica Gallica143, 47-53 .
6.
Bennett, K.D.1993: PSIMPOLL 2.27: program for plotting pollen diagrams and analysing data. Cambridge: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge .
7.
Birks, H.J.B. , Line, J.M. , Juggins, S. , Stevenson, A.C. and ter Braak, CJ.F.1990: Diatoms and pH reconstruction . Philosophical Transactions Royal Society LondonB327, 263-278 .
8.
Bruckert, S. and Gaiffe, M.1980: Analyse des facteurs de formation et de distribution ds sols en pays calcaire glaciaire ou karstique. Plaine de Frasne, Bonnevaux et Montagne du Laveron, Jura central . Annales scientifiques de l'Universite de Besancon. Biologie veg&tale4, 19-67 .
9.
Buttler, A. , Warner, B.G. , Matthey, Y. and Grosvernier, Ph.1996: Testate amoebae (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) and restoration of cut-over bogs in the Jura, Switzerland . New Phytologist134, 371-382 .
10.
Chastain, A.1952: Recherches ecologiques et floristiques sur le ‘Pinetum’ de la haute tourbiere de la Vraconnaz (Jura helvetique vaudois) . Recueil des travaux de l'institut de botanique de I'Universite de Montpellier (Supplement 2), 176-176 pp.
11.
Clymo, R.S. and MacKay, D.M.1987: Upwash and downwash of pollen and spores in the unsaturated layer of Sphagnum-dominated peat . New Phytologist105, 175-183 .
12.
Corley, M.F.V. , Crundwell, A.C. , Dull, R , Hill, O. and Smith, A.J.E.1981: Mosses of Europe and the Azores: an annotated list of species, with synonyms from the recent literature . Journal of Brvology11, 609-689 .
13.
Daniels, R.E. and Eddy, A.1990: Handbook of European Sphagna. Huntingdon: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (National environmental council) , 262-262 pp.
14.
Delarze, R. , Gonseth, Y. and GaHand, P.1998: Guide des milieux naturels de Suiisse. Ecologiemenaces – esp&es caracteristiques. Lausanne, Switzerland: Delachaux et Niestle , 415-415 pp.
15.
Edelman, H.J.1985: Late glacial and Holocene vegetation development of la Goutte Loiselot (Vosges, Ftance). Utrech: Drukkerij Elinkwijk Bv , 197-197 pp.
16.
Faegri, K. , Kaland, P. and Krzyinski, J.1989: Textbook ofpollen analysis (fourth edition). Chichester: John Wiley .
17.
Feldmeyer-Christe, E.1990: Etude phyto-ecologique des tourbieres des Franches Montagnes (cantons du Jura et de Beme, Suisse) . Materiaux pour le levce geobotanique de la Suisse66, 163-163 pp.
18.
Frelechoux, F. 1997: Etude du boisement des tourbieres hautes de la chaine jurassienne: typologie et dynamique de la vegetation – approche dendro&ologique et dendrodynamique des peuplements arborescents. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Neuchatel, 360 pp + appendices 674 pp.
19.
Frelechoux, F. , Buttler, A. , Scheingruber F.H. and Gobat, J.-M.2000: Stand structure, invasion and growth dynamics of bog pine (Pinus uncinata var. rotundata) in relation to peat cutting and drainage in the Jura mountains, Switzerland . Revue Canadienne de Recherc he Forestiere (Canadian Journal of Forest Research), 30, 1114-1126 .
20.
Gallandat, J.-D. 1982: Prairies mar&cageuses du Haut-Jura (Molinietalia, Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae et Phragmitetea). Materiaux pour le leve geobotanique de la Suisse 58, 2 volumes.
21.
Gilbert, D. , Amblard, C. , Bourdier, G. and Francez, A.-J.1998: Shortterm effect of nitrogen enrichment on the microbial conmunities of a peatland . Hydrobiologia373/374, 111-119 .
22.
Gobat, J.-M. 1984: Ecologie des contacts entre tourbieres acides et marais alcalins dans le Haut-Jura suisse. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Neuch&tel, 255 pp.
23.
Gobat, J.-M. , Aragno, M. and Matthey, W.1998: Le sol vivant. Bases de pedologie, biologie des sols. Lausanne: Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes , 521-521 pp.
24.
Grimm, E.1991: TILIA and TILIAGRAPH. Springfield: Illinois State Museum .
25.
Grosse-Brauckmann, G.1972: Uber pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropaischer Torfe. I. Gewebereste krautiger Pflanzen und ihre Merkmale . Telma2, 19-55 .
26.
Grosse-Brauckmann, G.1974: Uber pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropaischer Torfe. II. Weitere Reste (Fruichte und Samen, Moose u.a.) und ihre Bestimmungsmoglichkeiten . Telma4, 51-117 .
27.
Guignard, J.-P. 1972-87: Unpublished reports. Dossier communal Monuments Historiques et Archeologiques du Canton de Vaud, Switzerland.
28.
Heal, O.W.1964: Observations on the seasonal and spatial distribution of testaceans (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) inSphagnumz. Journal of Animal Ecology33, 395-412 .
29.
Janssens, J.A.1983: A quantitative method for stratigraphic analysis of bryophytes in Holocene peat . Journal of Ecology71, 189-196 .
30.
Julve, P. 1983: Les groupements des prairies humides et des bas-narais: etude regionale et essai de synthese a 1'echelle de 1'Europe occidentale. PhD Thesis, Univ. Paris-Sud, 225 pp.
31.
Legendre, P. and Vaudor, A.1991: Le Progiciel R – analyses multidimensionnelles, analyse spatiale. Departement de sciences biologiques, Universite de Montreal , 144-144 pp.
32.
Legendre, P. , Dallot, S. and Legendre, L.1985: Succession of species within a community: chronological clustering, with applications to marine and freshwater zooplankton . American Naturalist125, 257-288 .
33.
Levesque, P.E.M. , Dinel, H. and Larouche, A.1988: Guide illustre des macrofossiles vegetaux des tourbires du Canada. Centre de recherche sur les terres Ottawa (Ontario) Publication 1817, 65-65 pp.
34.
Mangerud, J. , Andersen, S.T. , Berglund, B.E. and Donner, J.J.1974: Quatemary stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classification . Boreas3, 109-128 .
35.
Matthey, W.1964: Observations ecologiques stir la tourbiere du Cachot . Bulletin de la Societe Neuichdteloise des Sciences Naturelles87, 103-133 .
36.
Meisterfeld, R.1977: Die horizontale und vertikale Verteilung der Testaceen (Rhizopoda: Testacea) in Sphagnum. Archiv fir Hvdrobiologie79, 319-356 .
37.
Mitchell, E.A.D. 1995: The postglacial developmental history of the Prazrodet bog, Valle de Joux, Swiss Jtura. Masters thesis, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vegetale et de Phytosociologie, Institut de Botanique, Universite de Neuchitel, 112 pp.
38.
Mitchell, E.A.D. , Borcard, D. , Buttler, A.J. , Grosvernier, Ph. , Gilbert, D. and Gobat, J.-M.2000a: Horizontal distribution patterns of testate amoebae (Protozoa; Rhizopoda) in a Sphagnum magellanicuim carpet. Microbial Ecology, 39, 290-300 .
39.
Mitchell, E.A.D. , Buttler, A. , Grosvernier, Ph. , Rydin, H. , Albinsson, C. , Greenup, A. , Heijmans, M.P.P.D. , Hoosbeek, M.R. and Saarinen, T.2000b: Relationships among testate amoebae (Protozoa), vegetation and water chemistry in five Sphagnuim-dominated peatlands in Europe . New Phytologist145, 95-106 .
40.
Mitchell, E.A.D. , Warner, B.G.Buttler, A. and Gobat J.-M.1999: Ecological patterns of testate amoebae (Protozoa) on peatlands in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland and France . Ecoscience6(4), 565-576 .
41.
Punt, W. , editor 1976: Northwest European pollen flora, I. Amsterdam: Elsevier , 145-145 pp.
42.
Punt, W. and Clarke, G.C.S. editors 1980: Northwest European pollen flora, II. Amsterdam: Elsevier , 265-265 pp.
43.
Punt, W. and Clarke, G.C.S. editors 1981: Northwest European pollen flora, III. Amsterdam: Elsevier , 138-138 pp.
44.
Punt, W. and Clarke, G.C.S. editors 1984: Northwest European pollen flora, IV. Amsterdam: Elsevier , 369-369 pp.
45.
Punt, W. and Blackmore, S. editors 1991: Northwest European pollen flora, VI. Amsterdam: Elsevier , 275-275 pp.
46.
Punt, W. , Blackmore, S. and Clarke, G.C.S. , editors 1988: Northwvest European pollen flora, V. Amsterdan: Elsevier , 154-154 pp.
47.
Punt, W. , Blackmore, S. and Hoen, P.P. , editors 1995: Northwest European pollen flora, VII. Amsterdam: Elsevier , 275-275 pp.
48.
Reille, M.1991: L'origine de la station de pin a crochets de la tourbiere de Pinet (Aude) et de quelques stations isolees de cet arbre dans les Vosges et le Jura. Btulletin de la Societe botanique de France 138 (Lettres botaniques), 123-148.
49.
Reille, M.1992: Pollen et spores d'Europe et de l'Afrique du Nord. Marseille: Laboratoire de Botanique historique et de Palynologie , 520-520 pp.
50.
Richard, J.-L.1961: Les forets acidophiles du Jura . Materiaux pour le leve geobotanique de la Suisse38, 164-164 pp.
51.
Rod, E. 1953: AMH A 66/12 (unpublished). Monuments Historiques et Archeologiques du Canton de Vaud, Switzerland.
52.
Royer, J.-M. , Vadam, J.C. and Gillet, F.1978: Etude phytosociologique des tourbieres acides et alcalines du Haut-Doubs . Publication du Centre Universitaire dEtudes Regionales2, 109-185 .
53.
Sandoz, H. 1987: Recherches taxonomiques, biogeographiques etphytoecologiques sur les principaux conifeires subalpins des Alpes: meleze d 'Europe, pin cembro, pin a crochet et pin mugho. PhD thesis, Universite d'Aixmarseille III, 650 pp.
54.
Shotyk, W. , Cheburkin, A.K. , Appleby, P.G. , Fankhauser, A. and Kramers, J.D.1997: Lead in three peat bog profiles, Jura Mountains, Switzerland: enrichment factors, isotopic composition, and chronology of atmospheric deposition . Water Air and Soil Pollution100, 297-310 .
55.
Shotyk, W. , Weiss, D. , Appleby, P.G. , Cheburkin, A.K. , Frei, R. , Gloor, M. , Kramers, J.D. , Reese, S. and van der Knaap, W.O.1998: History of atmospheric lead deposition since 12 370 '14C yr BP from a peat bog, Jura Mountains, Switzerland . Science281, 1635-1640 .
56.
SPM II (Stockli, W.E., Hiffeler, U. and Gross-Klee, E. (editors) 1995: Die Schweiz vom Paldolithikuim bis zumfriihen Mittelalter. II Neolithikum. Basel, 358 pp.
57.
Stockmarr, J.1971: Tablets with spores in absolute pollen analysis . Pollen et Spores13, 615-621 .
58.
Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P.J.1993: Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 '4C age calibration program . Radiocarbon35, 215-230 .
59.
Stuiver, M. , Grootes, P.M. and Braziunas, T.F.1995: The GISP2 8180 climate record of the past 16 500 years and the role of the sun, ocean, and volcanoes . Quaternary Re-search44, 341-354 .
60.
ter Braak, C.J.F.1988-92: CANOCO – a FORTRAN prog-am for Canonical commtnity Ordination (version 2.J). Ithaca, New York: Microcomputer Power , 96-96 pp.
61.
Tolonen, K.1986: Rhizopod analysis. In Berglund B.E. , editor, Handbook of Holoce.ne palaeoecology and palaeohydrology, Chichester: John Wiley , 645-666.
van der Knaap, W.O. and Ammann, B.1997: Depth-age relationships of 25 well-dated Swiss Holocene pollen sequences archived in the Alpine Palynological Database . Revue de Paleobiologie16, 433-480 .
64.
van der Knaap, W.O. , van Leeuwen, J.F.N. , Fankauser, A. and Ammann, B.2000: Palyno-stratigraphy of the last centuries in Switzerland based on 23 lake and mire deposits: chronostratigraphic pollen markers, regional patterns, and local histories . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology108, 85-142 .
65.
van Geel, B. and Renssen, H.1998: Abrupt climate change around 2 650 BP in north-west Europe: evidence for climatic teleconnections and a tentative explanation. In Issar, A.S. and Brown, N. , editors, Water, environment and society in times of climatic change, Dordrecht: Kluwer , 21-41.
66.
van Geel, B. , Buurman, J. and Waterbolk, H.T.1996: Archaeological and palaeoecological indications of an abrupt climate change in The Netherlands, and evidence for climatological teleconnections around 2650 BP . Journal of Quaternar' Science, 11, 451-460 .
67.
van Geel, B. , van der Plicht, J. , Kilian, M.R. , Klaver, E.R. , Kouwenberg, J.H.M. , Renssen, H. , Reynaud-Farrera, I. and Waterbolk, H.T.1998a: The sharp rise of A14C ca. 800 cal BC: possible causes, related climatic teleconnections and the impact on human environments. In Mook, W.G. and van der Plicht, J. , editors, Proceedings of the 16th international 14C conference, Radiocarbon440-440, 535-550.
68.
van Geel, B. , van der Plicht, J. and Renssen, H.1998b: Solar forcing of abrupt climate change around 850 calendar years BC. In Peiser, B.J. , Palmer, T. and Bailey, M.E. , editors, Natural catastrophes during Bronze Age civilisations, BAR International Series 728, 162-168.
69.
Wardenaar, E.C.P.1987: A new hand tool for cutting peat profiles . Canadian Journal of Botany65, 1772-1773 .
70.
Warner, B.G.1990: Testate amoebae (Protozoa). In Warner, B.G. , editor, Methods in Quaternaty ecology. Geoscience Canada, Reprint Series 5, Geological Association of Canada , St John's, 65-74.
71.
Warner, B.G. , Kubiw, HJ. and Hanf, Ki.1989: An anthropogenic cause for quaking mire formation in southwestern Ontario . Nature340, 380-384 .
72.
Wegmuller, S.1966: Uber die spatund postglaziale Vegetationsgeschichte des Sudwestlichen Jura . Materiaux pour le leve geobotanique de la Suisse48, 1-144 .
73.
Welten, M.1982: Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen in den westlichen Schweizer Alpen: Bern-Wallis. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 95, DSNG 95, 104-104 pp.
74.
Wright, H.E. , Mann, D.H. and Glaser, P.H.1984: Piston corers for peat and lake sediments . Journal of Ecology65, 657-659 .
