Alcoforado, M. and Andrade, H.2006: Nocturnal urban heat island in Lisbon (Portugal): main features and modeling attempts. Theoretical and Applied Climatology84, 151-160, doi: 10.1007/s00704- 005-0152-1.
2.
Allwine, K. J., Richland, W. A., Clawson, K., Leach, M. J., Burrows, D., Wayson, R., Flaherty, J. and Allwine, E. 2004: Urban dispersion processes investigated during the joint urban 2003 study in Oklahoma City. Fifth Conference on the Urban Environment, American Meteorological Society, Vancouver, August.
3.
Arnfield, A. J.2003a: Micro and mesoclimatology. Progress in Physical Geography27, 435-447.
4.
Arnfield, A. J.2003b: Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. International Journal of Climatology23, 1-26.
5.
Arnfield, A. J.2005: Micro and mesoclimatology. Progress in Physical Geography29, 426-437.
6.
Arnold, S. J., ApSimon, H., Barlow, J., Belcher, S., Bell, M., Boddy, J. W., Britter, R., Cheng, H., Clark, R., Colvile, R. N., Dimitroulopoulou, S., Dobre, A., Greally, B., Kaur, S., Knights, A., Lawton, T., Makepace, A., Martin, D., Neophytou, M., Neville, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Nickless, G., Price, C., Robins, A., Shallcross, D, Simmonds, P., Smalley, R. J., Tate, J., Tomlin, A. S., Wang, H. and Walsh, P.2004: Introduction to the DAPPLE Air Pollution Project. Science of the Total Environment332, 139-153.
7.
Baik, J. J. and Kim, Y. H.2002: On the escape of pollutants from urban street canyons. Atmospheric Environment36, 527-536.
8.
Baik, J. J., Kim, Y. H. and Fernando, H. J. S.2003: A CFD model for simulating urban flow and dispersion. Journal of Applied Meteorology42, 1636-1648.
9.
Barlow, J., Harman, I. and Belcher, S.2004: Scalar fluxes from urban street canyons. Part I: laboratory simulation. Boundary Layer Meteorology113, 369-385.
10.
Bejarán, R. A. and Camilloni, I.2003: Objective method for classifying air masses: an application to the analysis of Buenos Aires’ (Argentina) urban heat island intensity. Theoretical and Applied Climatology74, 93-103.
11.
Beranova, R. and Huth, R.2005. Long-term changes in the heat island of Prague under different synoptic conditions. Theoretical and Applied Climatology82, 113-118.
12.
Best, M. J.2005: Representing urban areas within operational numerical weather prediction models. Boundary Layer Meteorology114, 91-109.
13.
Best, M. J.2006: Progress towards better weather forecasts for city dwellers: from short range to climate change, Theoretical and Applied Climatology84, 47-56, doi: 10.1007/s00704-005-0143-2.
14.
Best, M. J., Grimmond, C. S. B. and Villani, M. G.2006: Evaluation of the urban tile in MOSES with flux data. Boundary Layer Meteorology, in press.
15.
Blankenstein, S. and Kuttler, W.2004: Impact of street geometry on downward longwave radiation and air temperature in an urban environment. Meteorologische Zeitschrift13, 373-379.
16.
Bottyán, Z., Kircsi, A., Szegedi, S. and Unger, J.2005: The relationship between built-up areas and the spatial development of the mean maximum urban heat island in Debrecen, Hungary. International Journal of Climatology25, 405-418.
17.
Bourbia, F. and Awbi, H. B.2004a: Building cluster and shading in urban canyon for hot dry climate. Part 1: air and surface temperature measurements. Renewable Energy29, 249-262.
18.
Bourbia, F. and Awbi, H. B.2004b: Building cluster and shading in urban canyon for hot dry climate. Part 2: shading simulations. Renewable Energy29, 291-301.
19.
Burian, S. J., Hooshialsadat, P., Reynolds, S. and Shepherd, J. M. 2004: Effect of cities on rainfall and the implications for drainage design. In Sehlke, G., Hayes, D. F. and Stevens, D. K., editors, critical transitions in water and environmental resources management, Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, New York: ASCE.
20.
Calhoun, R., Gouveia, F., Shinn, J., Chan, S., Stevens, D., Lee, R. and Leone, J.2004: Flow around a complex building: comparisons between experiments and a Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes approach. Journal of Applied Meteorology43, 696-710.
21.
Chapman, L. and Thornes, J. E.2004: Realtime sky-view factor calculation and approximation. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology21, 730-741.
22.
Cheng, X. and Hu, F.2005: Numerical studies on flow fields around buildings in an urban street canyon and cross-road. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences22, 290-299.
23.
Christen, A. and Vogt, R.2004: Energy and radiation balance of a central European city urban energy balance; urban radiation balance; turbulent flux densities; eddy correlation; storage heat flux; albedo, urban-rural differences; vertical flux density divergence. International Journal of Climatology24, 1395-1422.
24.
Chung, U., Choi, J. and Yun, J. I.2004: Urbanization effect on the observed change in mean monthly temperatures between 1951-1980 and 1971-2000 in Korea. Climatic Change66, 127-136.
25.
Coceal, O. and Belcher, S. E.2005: Mean winds through an inhomogeneous urban canopy. Boundary Layer Meteorology115, 47-68.
26.
Compagnon, R.2004: Solar and daylight availability in the urban fabric. Energy and Buildings36, 321-328.
27.
Cui, Z. Q., Cai, X. M. and Baker, C. J.2004: Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow in a street canyon. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society130, 1373-1394.
28.
Dabberdt, W. F., Frederick, G. L., Hardesty, R. M., Lee, W. C. and Underwood, K.2004: Advances in meteorological instrumentation for air quality and emergency response. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics87, 57-88.
29.
Dandou, A., Tombrou, M., Akylas, E., Soulakellis, N. and Bossioli, E.2005: Development and evaluation of an urban parameterization scheme in the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres110, D10102-D10102.
30.
Davies, F., Collier, C. G., Pearson, G. N. and Bozier, K. E.2004: Doppler lidar measurements of turbulent structure function over an urban area. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology21, 753-761.
31.
Dupont, S., Otte, T. and Ching, J. K. S.2004: Simulation of meteorological fields within and above urban and rural canopies with a mesoscale model (MM5). Boundary Layer Meteorology113, 111-158.
32.
Durrand, P. and Cros, B. E.2005: Special issue: The ESCOMPTE experiment. Atmospheric Research74, 1-595.
33.
Emeis, S.2004: Vertical wind profiles over an urban area. Meteorologische Zeitschrift13, 353-359.
34.
Emeis, S., Munkel, C., Vogt, S., Muller, W. J. and Schafer, K.2004: Atmospheric boundary-layer structure from simultaneous SODAR, RASS, and ceilometer measurements. Atmospheric Environment38, 273-286.
35.
Emmanuel, R.2003: Assessment of impact of land cover changes on urban bioclimate: the case of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Architectural Science Review46, 151-158.
36.
Emmanuel, R.2005: An urban approach to climate sensitive design: strategies for the tropics. London and New York: Spon Press, 172-172 pp.
37.
Fan, H. and Sailor, D. J.2005: Modeling the impacts of anthropogenic heating on the urban climate of Philadelphia: a comparison of implementations in two PBL schemes. Atmospheric Environment39, 73-84.
38.
Feigenwinter, C. and Vogt, R.2005: Detection and analysis of coherent structures in urban turbulence. Theoretical and Applied Climatology81, 219-230.
39.
Fisher, B. E. A., Erbrink, J. J., Finardi, S., Jeannet, P., Joffre, S., Morselli, M. G., Pechinger, U., Seibert, P. and Thomson, D. J.1998: COST-710 - final report: harmonisation of the pre-processing of meteorological data for atmospheric dispersion models. Luxembourg: European Union.
40.
Gedzelman, S. D., Austin, S., Cermak, R., Stefano, N., Partridge, S., Quesenberry, S. and Robinson, D. A.2003: Mesoscale aspects of the urban heat island around New York City. Theoretical and Applied Climatology75, 29-42.
41.
Giridharan, R., Ganesan, S. and Lau, S. S. Y.2004: Daytime urban heat island effect in high-rise and high-density residential developments in Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings36, 525-534.
42.
Gómez, F., Gil, L. and Jabaloyes, J.2004: Experimental investigation on the thermal comfort in the city: relationship with the green areas, interaction with the urban microclimate. Building and Environment39, 1077-1086.
43.
Grimmond, C. S. B.2006: Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere. Theoretical and Applied Climatology84, 3-22, doi: 10.1007/s00704- 005-0140-5.
44.
Grimmond, C. S. B. and Oke, T. R.2002: Turbulent heat fluxes in urban areas: observations and local-scale urban meteorological parameterization scheme (LUMPS). Journal of Applied Meteorology41, 792-810.
45.
Grimmond, C. S. B., Salmond, J. A., Oke, T. R., Offerle, B. and Lemonsu, A.2004: Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built-up site in Marseille: heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres109, D24101-D24101.
46.
Hamlyn, D. and Britter, R.2005: A numerical study of the flow field and exchange processes within a canopy of urban-type roughness. Atmospheric Environment39, 3243-3254.
47.
Harman, I., Barlow, J. and Belcher, S.2004a: Scalar fluxes from urban street canyons part II: model. Boundary Layer Meteorology113, 387-410.
48.
Harman, I. N., Best, M. J., and Belcher, S. W.2004b: Radiative exchange in an urban street canyon. Boundary-Layer Meteorology110, 301-316.
49.
Hawkins, T. W. B., Stefanov, W. L., Bigler, W. and Saffell, E. M.2004: The role of rural variability in urban heat island determination for Phoenix, Arizona. Journal of Applied Meteorology43, 476-486.
50.
Heisler, G. M., Grant, R. H. and Gao, W.2003: Individual and scattered-tree influences on ultraviolet irradiance. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology120, 113-126.
51.
Inoue, T. and Kimura, F.2004: Urban effects on low-level clouds around the Tokyo metropolitan area on clear summer days. Geophysical Research Letters31, L05103-L05103.
52.
Jeong, S. J. and Andrews, M. J.2002: Application of the k-e turbulence model to the high Reynolds number skimming flow field of an urban street canyon. Atmospheric Environment36, 1137-1145.
53.
Jin, M., Shepherd, J. M. and King, M. D.2005: Urban aerosols and their variations with clouds and rainfall: a case study for New York and Houston. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres110, D10S20-D10S20; doi: 10. 1029/2004JD005081.
54.
Jonsson, P.2004: Vegetation as an urban climate control in the subtropical city of Gaborone, Botswana. International Journal of Climatology24, 1307-1322.
55.
Kanda, M.2006: Progress in the scale modeling of urban climate: review. Theoretical and Applied Climatology84, 23-34, doi: 10.1007/s00704-005-0141-4.
56.
Kastner-Klein, P. and Rotach, M. W.2004: Mean flow and turbulence characteristics in an urban roughness sublayer. Boundary Layer Meteorology111, 55-84.
57.
Kastner-Klein, P., Berkowicz, R. and Britter, R.2004: The influence of street architecture on flow and dispersion in street canyons. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics87, 121-132.
58.
Kim, Y. H. and Baik, J. J.2003: Effects of inflow turbulence intensity on flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban street canyon. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics91, 309-329.
59.
Kim, Y. H. and Baik, J. J.2004a: Daily maximum urban heat island intensity in large cities of Korea. Theoretical and Applied Climatology79, 151-164.
60.
Kim, Y. H. and Baik, J. J.2004b: A numerical study of the effects of ambient wind direction on flow and dispersion in urban street canyons using the RNG k-epsilon turbulence model. Atmospheric Environment38, 3039-3048.
61.
Kim, Y. H. and Baik, J. J.2005: Spatial and temporal structure of the urban heat island in Seoul. Journal of Applied Meteorology44, 591-605.
62.
Kondo, H., Genchi, Y., Kikegawa, Y., Ohashi, Y., Yoshikado, H. and Komiyama, H.2005: Development of a multi-layer urban canopy model for the analysis of energy consumption in a big city: structure of the urban canopy model and its basic performance. Boundary-layer Meteorology116, 395-421; Doi: 10.1007/s10546-005-0905-5.
63.
Kusaka, H. and Kimura, F.2004: Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model: impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case. Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan82, 67-80.
64.
Lemonsu, A., Grimmond, C. S. B. and Masson, V.2004: Modeling the surface energy balance of the core of an old Mediterranean city: Marseille. Journal of Applied Meteorology43, 312-327.
65.
Lien, F. S. and Yee, E.2004: Numerical modeling of the turbulent flow developing within and over a 3-D building array. Part I: a high-resolution Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes approach. Boundary-Layer Meteorology112, 427-466.
66.
Lien, F. S. and Yee, E.2005: Numerical modeling of the turbulent flow developing within and over a 3-d building array. Part III: a distributed drag force approach, its implementa tion and application. Boundary Layer Meteorology114, 287-313.
67.
Lien, F. S., Yee, E. and Wilson, J. D.2005: Numerical modeling of the turbulent flow developing within and over a 3-d building array. Part II: a mathematical foundation for a distributed drag force approach. Boundary Layer Meteorology114, 245-285.
68.
Liu, C. H., Barth, M. C. and Leung, D. Y. C.2004: Large-eddy simulation of flow and pollutant transport in street canyons of different building-height-to-street-width ratios. Journal of Applied Meteorology43, 1410-1424.
69.
Lowry, W. P.1998: Urban effects on precipitation amount. Progress in Physical Geography22, 477-520.
70.
Martilli, A., Clappier, A. and Rotach, M.2002: An urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models. Boundary Layer Meteorology104, 261-304.
71.
Martilli, A., Roulet, Y. A., Junier, M., Kirchner, F., Clappier, A. and Rotach, M.2003: On the impact of urban surface exchange parameterisations on air quality simulations: the Athens case. Atmospheric Environment37, 4207-4231.
72.
Masson, V.2000: A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric models. Boundary Layer Meteorology94, 357-397.
73.
Masson, V.2006: Urban surface modeling and the meso-scale impact of cities. Theoretical and Applied Climatology84, 35-46, doi: 10.1007/s00704-005-0142-3
74.
Masson, V., Grimmond, C. S. B. and Oke, T. R.2002: Evaluation of the Town Energy Balance (TEB) scheme with direct measurements from dry districts in two cities. Journal of Applied Meteorology41, 1011-1026.
75.
Mayer, H., Matzarakis, A. and Iziomon, M. G.2003: Spatio-temporal variability of moisture conditions within the Urban Canopy Layer. Theoretical and Applied Climatology76, 165-179.
76.
McKendry, I.2003, Applied climatology. Progress in Physical Geography27, 597-606.
77.
Mestayer, P. G., Durand, P., Augustin, P., Bastin, S., Bonnefond, J. M., Benech, B., Campistron, B., Coppalle, A., Delbarre, H., Dousset, B., Drobinski, P., Druilhet, A., Frejafon, E., Grimmond, C. S. B., Groleau, D., Irvine, M., Kergomard, C., Kermadi, S., Lagouarde, J. P., Lemonsu, A., Lohou, H., Long, N., Masson, V., Moppert, C., Noilhan, J., Offerle, B., Oke, T. R., Pigeon, G., Puygrenier, V., Roberts, S., Said, F., Salmond, J. A., Talbaut, M. and Voogt, J. A.2005: The urban boundary-layer field campaign in Marseille (UBL/CLU ESCOMPTE): set-up and first results. Boundary Layer Meteorology114, 315-365.
78.
Miao, S. G. and Jiang, W. M.2004: Large eddy simulation and study of the urban boundary layer. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences21, 650-661.
79.
Mills, G.2006: Progress toward sustainable settlements: a role for urban climatology. Theoretical and Applied Climatology84, 69-76, doi: 10.1007/s00704-005-0145-0.
80.
Mitchell, V. G., McMahon, T. A. and Mein, R. G.2003: Components of the total water balance of an urban catchment. Environmental Management32, 735-746.
81.
Moriwaki, R. and Kanda, M.2004: Seasonal and diurnal fluxes of radiation, heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide over a suburban area. Journal of Applied Meteorology43, 1700-1710.
82.
Nair, K. N., Freitas, E. D., Freitas, E. D., Sanchez-Coyllo, O. R., Dias, M. A. F. S., Dias, P. L. S., Andrade, M. F. and Massambani, O.2004: Dynamics of urban boundary layer over Sao Paulo associated with mesoscale processes. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics86, 87-98.
83.
Offerle, B., Grimmond, C. S. B. and Fortuniak, K.2005a: Heat storage and anthropogenic heat flux in relation to the energy balance of a central European city center. International Journal of Climatology25, 1405-1419; doi: 10.1002/joc.1198.
84.
Offerle, B., Grimmond, C. S. B., Fortuniak, K., Klysik, K. and Oke, T. R.2006a: Temporal variations in heat fluxes over a central European city centre. Theoretical and Applied Climatology84, 103-116, doi:10.1007/s00704-005-0148-x.
85.
Offerle, B., Grimmond, C. S. B., Fortuniak, K. and Pawlak, W.2006b: Intra-urban differences of surface energy fluxes in a central European city. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology45, 125-136.
86.
Offerle, B., Grimmond, C. S. B. and Oke, T. R.2003: Parameterization of net all-wave radiation for urban areas. Journal of Applied Meteorology42, 1157-1173.
87.
Offerle, B., Jonsson, P., Eliasson, I. and Grimmond, C. S. B.2005b: Urban modification of the surface energy balance in the west African Sahel: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Journal of Climate18, 3983-3995.
88.
Ohashi, Y. and Kida, H.2004: Local circulations developed in the vicinity of both coastal and inland urban areas. Part II: effects of urban and mountain areas on moisture transport. Journal of Applied Meteorology43, 119-133.
89.
Oke, T. R.2006: Towards better scientific communication in urban climate. Theoretical and Applied Climatology doi: 10.1007/s00704-005-0153-0.
90.
Otte, T. L., Lacser, A., Dupont, S. and Ching, J. K. S.2004: Implementation of an urban canopy parameterization in a mesoscale meteorological model. Journal of Applied Meteorology43, 1648-1665.
91.
Pino, D., Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J., Comeron, A. and Rocadenbosch, F.2004: The boundary layer growth in an urban area. Science of the Total Environment334-35, 207-213.
92.
Pino, D., Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J., Comeron, A. and Rocadenbosch, F.2005: Urban and rural dewfall, surface moisture, and associated canopy-level air temperature and humidity measurements for Vancouver, Canada. Boundary Layer Meteorology114, 143-163.
93.
Rotach, M. W., Vogt, R., Bernhofer, C., Batchvarova, E., Christen, A., Clappier, A., Feddersen, B., Gryning, S. E., Martucci, G., Mayer, H., Mitev, V., Oke, T. R., Parlow, E., Richner, H., Roth, M., Roulet, Y. A., Ruffieux, D., Salmond, J. A., Schatzmann, M. and Voogt, J. A.2005: BUBBLE - an urban boundary layer meteorology project. Theoretical and Applied Climatology81, 231-261.
94.
Russo, F., Napolitano, F. and Gorgucci, E.2005: Rainfall monitoring systems over an urban area: the city of Rome. Hydrological Processes19, 1007-1019.
95.
Sailor, D. J. and Lu, L.2004: A top-down methodology for developing diurnal and seasonal anthropogenic heating profiles for urban areas. Atmospheric Environment38, 2737-2748.
96.
Sakakibara, Y. and Owa, K.2005: Urban rural temperature differences in coastal cities: influence of rural sites. International Journal of Climatology25, 811-820.
97.
Seibert, P., Beyrich, F., Gryning, S. E.Joffre, S., Rasmussen, A. and Tercier, P.2000: Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height, Atmospheric Environment34, 1001-1027.
98.
Shashua-Bar, L. and Hoffman, M. E.2004: Quantitative evaluation of passive cooling of the UCL microclimate in hot regions in summer, case study: urban streets and courtyards with trees. Building and Environment39, 1087-1099.
99.
Shashua-Bar, L., Tzamir, Y. and Hoffman, M. E.2004: Thermal effects of building geometry and spacing on the urban canopy layer microclimate in a hot-humid climate in summer. International Journal of Climatology24, 1729-1742.
100.
Shepherd, J. M.2005: A review of current investigations of urban-induced rainfall and recommendations for the future. Earth Interactions9, 1-27.
101.
Shepherd, J. M. and Burian, S. J.2003: Detection of urban-induced rainfall anomalies in a major coastal city. Earth Interactions7, 1-14.
102.
Shepherd, J. M., Pierce, H. and Negri, A. J.2002: Rainfall modification by major urban areas: observation from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite. Journal of Applied Meteorology41, 689-701.
103.
Spronken-Smith, R. A., Kossmann, M. and Zawar-Reza, P.2006: Where does all the energy go? Surface energy partitioning in suburban Christchurch under stable wintertime conditions. Theoretical and Applied Climatology84, 137-150, doi: 10.1007/s00704-005-0151-2.
104.
Szymanowski, M.2005: Interactions between thermal advection in frontal zones and the urban heat island of Wroclaw, Poland, Theoretical and Applied Climatology82, 207-224, doi: 10.1007/s00704- 005-0135-2.
105.
Takeuchi, T., Hirano, Y. and Ichinese, T. (Toshiaki) 2003: The effects of green open space on the urban heat island in Tokyo. Landscape Research Journal66, 893-896.
106.
Thorsson, S., Lindqvist, M. and Lindqvist, S.2004: Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behavior in an urban park in Goteborg, Sweden. International Journal of Biometeorology48, 149-156.
107.
Tong, H., Walton, A., Sang, J. and Chan, J. C.2005: Numerical simulation of the urban boundary layer over the complex terrain of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment39, 3549-3563.
108.
Unger, J.2004: Intra-urban relationship between surface geometry and urban heat island: review and new approach. Climate Research27, 253-264.
109.
Voogt, J. A. and Oke, T. R.2003: Thermal remote sensing of urban climates. Remote Sensing of the Environment86, 370-384.
110.
Wang, B. M., Liu, H. Z., Chen, K., Sang, J. G., Woo, G. C. and Zhang, B. Y.2004: Evaluation of pedestrian winds around tall buildings by numerical approach. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics87, 133-142.
111.
Weber, S. and Kuttler, W.2004: Cold-air ventilation and the nocturnal boundary layer structure above an urban ballast facet. Meteorologische Zeitschrift13, 405-412.
112.
Weber, S. and Kuttler, W.2005: Surface energy balance characteristics of a heterogeneous urban ballast facet. Climate Research28, 257-266.
113.
Zhang, N., Jiang, W. M. and Hu, F.2004: Numerical method study of how buildings affect the flow characteristics of an urban canopy. Wind and Structures7, 159-172.
114.
Zhou, G. Q., Song, C., Simmers, J. and Cheng, P.2004: Urban 3D GIS from LiDAR and digital aerial images. Computers and Geosciences30, 345-353.