Biodiversity and extinction: macroecological patterns and people

Adams, M. J. , Pearl, C. A. and Bury, R. B. 2003: Indirect facilitation of an anuran invasion by nonnative fishes. Ecology Letters 6, 343-351.

Badgley, C. and Fox, D. L. 2000: Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients. Journal of Biogeography 27, 1437-1467.

Balmford, A. , Moore, J. L. , Brooks, T. , Burgess, N. , Hansen, L. A. , Williams, P. and Rahbek, C. 2001: Conservation conflicts across Africa. Science 291, 2616-2619.

Barnosky, A. D. , Koch, P. L. , Feranec, R. S. , Wing, S. L. and Shabel, A. B. 2004: Assessing the causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science 306, 70-75.

Bennett, P. M. , Owens, I. P. F. and Baillie, J. E. M. 2001: The history and ecological basis of extinction and speciation in birds. In Lockwood, J. L. and McKinney, M. L. , editors, Biotic homogenization, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 201-222.

Blackburn, T. M. and Gaston, K. J. 1994: Body size distributions: patterns, mechanisms and implications. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9, 471-474.

Blackburn, T. M. and Gaston, K. J. 1996: Spatial patterns in the geographic range sizes of bird species in the New World. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B 351, 897-912.

Blackburn, T. M. and Gaston, K. J. 1998: The distribution of mammal body masses. Diversity and Distributions 4, 121-133.

Blackburn, T. M. and Gaston, K. J. , editors 2003: Macroecology: concepts and consequences. Oxford: Blackwell.

Blackburn, T. M. and Gaston, K. J. 2005: Biological invasions and the loss of birds on islands: insights into the idiosyncrasies of extinction. In Sax, D. F. , Stachowicz, J. J. and Gaines, S. D. , editors, Species invasions: insights into ecology, evolution, and biogeography, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 85-110.

Brook, B. W. , Sodhi, N. S. and Ng, P. K. L. 2003: Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature 424, 420-423.

Brooks, T. M. , Mittermeier, R. A. , Mittermeier, C. G. , da Fonseca, G. A. B. , Rylands, A. B. , Konstant, W. R. , Flick, P. , Pilgrim, J. , Oldfield, S. , Magin, G. and Hilton-Taylor, C. 2002: Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 16, 909-923.

Brooks, T. M. , Pimm, S. L. , Kapos, V. and Ravilious, C. 1999a: Threat from deforestation to montane and lowland birds and mammals in insular south-east Asia. Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 1061-1078.

Brooks, T. M. , Pimm, S. L. and Oyugi, J. O. 1999b: Time lag between deforestation and bird extinction in tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biology 13, 1140-1150.

Brown, J. H. 1981: Two decades of homage to Santa Rosalia: toward a general theory of diversity. American Zoologist 21, 877-888.

Brown, J. H. 1995: Macroecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Brown, J. H. and Maurer, B. A. 1987: Evolution of species assemblages: effects of energetic constraints and species dynamics on the diversification of the American avifauna. American Naturalist 130, 1-17.

Brown, J. H. and Maurer, B. A. 1989: Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science 243, 1145-1150.

Cannon, M. D. 2004: Geographic variability in North American mammal community richness during the terminal Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 1099-1123.

Cardillo, M. 2003: Biological determinants of extinction risk: why are smaller species less vulnerable? Animal Conservation 6, 63-69.

Cardillo, M. and Bromham, L. 2001: Body size and risk of extinction in Australian mammals. Conservation Biology 15, 1435-1440.

Cardillo, M. , Purvis, A. , Sechrest, W. , Gittleman, J. L. , Bielby, J. and Mace, G. M. 2004: Human population density and extinction risk in the world’s carnivores. PLoS Biology 2, 909-914.

Chown, S. L. , Gremmen, N. J. M. and Gaston, K. J. 1998: Ecological biogeography of Southern Ocean islands: species-area relationships, human impacts, and conservation. American Naturalist 152, 562-575.

Chown, S. L. , Hull, B. and Gaston, K. J. 2005: Human impacts, energy availability and invasion across Southern Ocean islands. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14, 521-528.

Chown, S. L. , van Rensburg, B. J. , Gaston, K. J. , Rodrigues, A. S. L. and van Jaarsveld, A. S. 2003: Species richness, human population size and energy: conservation implications at a national scale. Ecological Applications 13, 1223-1241.

Coltman, D. W. , O’Donoghue, P. , Jorgenson, J. T. , Hogg, J. T. , Strobeck, C. and Festa-Bianchet, M. 2003: Undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting. Nature 426, 655-658.

Conover, D. O. and Munch, S. B. 2002: Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales. Science 297, 94-96.

Conrad, K. F. , Perry, J. N. and Woiwod, I. P. 2001: An abundance-occupancy time-lag during the decline of an arctiid tiger moth. Ecology Letters 4, 300-303.

Cowlishaw, G. 1999: Predicting the pattern of decline of African primate diversity: an extinction debt from historical deforestation. Conservation Biology 13, 1183-1193.

Crooks, K. R. and Soulé, M. E. 1999: Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400, 563-566.

Currie, D. J. 1991: Energy and large-scale patterns of animal and plant species richness. American Naturalist 137, 27-49.

Currie, D. J. , Mittelbach, G. G. , Cornell, H. V. , Field, R. , Guégan, J. F. , Hawkins, B. A. , Kaufman, D. M. , Kerr, J. T. , Oberdorff, T. , O’Brien, E. M. and Turner, J. R. G. 2004: Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale variation in taxonomic richness. Ecology Letters 7, 1121-1134.

Diamond, J. M. 1984: ‘Normal’ extinctions of isolated populations. In Nitecki, M. H. , editor, Extinctions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 191-246.

Diamond, J. M. 1998: Guns, germs and steel: a short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years. London: Vintage.

Diniz-Filho, J. A. , Carvalho, P. , Bini, L. M. and Tôrres, N. M. 2005: Macroecology, geographic range size-body size relationship and minimum viable population analysis for New World Carnivora. Acta Oecologica 27, 25-30.

Evans, K. L. and Gaston, K. J. 2005: People, energy and avian species richness. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14, 187-196.

Evans, K. L. and Gaston, K. J. 2006: Can the evolutionary-rates hypothesis explain species-energy relationships? Functional Ecology 19, 899-915.

Evans, K. L. , Warren, P. H. and Gaston, K. J. 2005: Species-energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms. Biological Reviews 80, 1-25.

Fairbanks, D. H. K. 2004: Regional land-use impacts affecting avian richness patterns in Southern Africa -insights from historical avian atlas data. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 101, 269-288.

Fairbanks, D. H. K. , Kshatriya, M. , van Jaarsveld, A. S. and Underhill, L. G. 2002: Scales and consequences of human land transformation on South African avian diversity and structure. Animal Conservation 5, 61-73.

Fernández, M. H. and Vrba, E. S. 2005: Body size, biomic specialization and range size of African large mammals. Journal of Biogeography 32, 1243-1256.

Fisher, J. A. D. and Frank, K. T. 2004: Abundance-distribution relationships and conservation of exploited marine fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 279, 201-213.

Flannery, T. 1994: The future eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and people. New York: Grove Press.

Flannery, T. 2001: The eternal frontier: an ecological history of North America and its people. London: Heinemann.

Gage, G. S. , Brooke, M. D. , Symonds, M. R. E. and Wege, D. 2004: Ecological correlates of the threat of extinction in Neotropical bird species. Animal Conservation 7, 161-168.

Gaston, K. J. 1994: Rarity. London: Chapman and Hall.

Gaston, K. J. 1998: Rarity as double jeopardy. Nature 394, 229-230.

Gaston, K. J. 1999: Implications of interspecific and intraspecific abundance-occupancy relationships. Oikos 86, 195-207.

Gaston, K. J. 2000: Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature 405, 220-227.

Gaston, K. J. 2003: The structure and dynamics of geographic ranges. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gaston, K. J. 2004: Macroecology and people. Basic and Applied Ecology 5, 303-307.

Gaston, K. J. 2005: Biodiversity and extinction: species and people. Progress in Physical Geography 29, 239-247.

Gaston, K. J. and Blackburn, T. M. 1995: Birds, body size, and the threat of extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London 347, 205-212.

Gaston, K. J. and Blackburn, T. M. 2000: Pattern and process in macroecology. Oxford: Blackwell.

Gaston, K. J. and Blackburn, T. M. 2003: Macroecology and conservation biology. In Blackburn, T. M. and Gaston, K. J. , editors Macroecology: concepts and consequences, Oxford: Blackwell, 345-367.

Gaston, K. J. and Evans, K. L. 2004: Birds and people in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 271, 1649-1655.

Gaston, K. J. and Spicer, J. I. 2004: Biodiversity: an introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.

Gaston, K. J. , Blackburn, T. M. , Greenwood, J. J. D. , Gregory, R. D. Quinn, R. M. and Lawton, J. H. 2000: Abundance-occupancy relationships. Journal of Applied Ecology 37 (Supplement 1), 39-59.

Gaston, K. J. , Blackburn, T. M. and Gregory, R. D. 1998: Interspecific differences in intraspecific abundance-range size relationships of British breeding birds. Ecography 21, 149-158.

Gaston, K. J. , Blackburn, T. M. and Klein Goldewijk, K. 2003: Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 270, 1293-1300.

Goodwin, N. B. , Dulvy, N. K. and Reynolds, J. D. 2005: Macroecology of live-bearing in fishes: latitudinal and depth range comparisons with egg-laying relatives. Oikos 110, 209-218.

Grosholz, E. D. 2005: Recent biological invasion may hasten invasional meltdown by accelerating historical introductions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102, 1088-1091.

Haberl, H. , Krausmann, F. , Erb, K. H. and Schulz, N. B. 2002: Human appropriation of Net Primary Production. Science 296, 1968-1969.

Haberl, H. , Schulz, N. B. , Plutzar, C. , Erb, K. H. , Krausmann, F. , Loibl, W. , Moser, D. , Sauberer, N. , Weisz, H. , Zechmeister, H. G. and Zulka, P. 2004: Human appropriation of net primary production and species diversity in agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 102, 213-218.

Harcourt, A. H. , Parks, S. A. and Woodroffe, R. 2001: Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: double jeopardy for small African reserves? Biodiversity and Conservation 10, 1011-1026.

Hawkins, B. A. 2004: Summer vegetation, deglaciation and the anomalous bird diversity gradient in eastern North America. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13, 321-325.

Hawkins, B. A. , Field, R. , Cornell, H. V. , Currie, D. J. , Guegan, J. , Kaufman, D. M. , Kerr, J. T. , Mittelbach, G. G. , Oberdorff, T. , O’Brien, E. M. , Porter, E. E. and Turner, J. R. G. 2003: Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology 84, 3105-3117.

He, F. and Gaston, K. J. 2003: Occupancy, spatial variance, and the abundance of species. American Naturalist 162, 366-375.

Hughes, J. B. , Daily, G. C. and Ehrlich, P. R. 1997: Population density: its extent and extinction. Science 278, 689-692.

Imhoff, M. L. , Bounoua, L. , Ricketts, T. , Loucks, C. , Harriss, R. and Lawrence, W. T. 2004: Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production. Nature 429, 870-873.

Kent, M. 2005: Biogeography and macroecology. Progress in Physical Geography 29, 256-264.

Kinzig, A. P. and Harte, J. 2000: Implications of endemics-area relationships for estimates of species extinctions. Ecology 81, 3305-3311.

Klein Goldewijk, K. 2001: Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: the HYDE database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 417-433.

Kunin, W. E. 1997: Introduction: on the causes and consequences of rare-common differences. In Kunin, W. E. and Gaston, K. J. , editors, The biology of rarity: causes and consequences of rare-common differences, London: Chapman and Hall, 3-11.

Labra, F. A. , Abades, S. R. and Marquet, P. A. 2005: Distribution and abundance: scaling patterns in exotic and native bird species. In Sax, D. F. , Stachowicz, J. J. and Gaines, S. D. , editors, Species invasions: insights into ecology, evolution, and biogeography, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 421-446.

La Sorte, F. A. and Boecklen, W. J. 2005: Changes in the diversity structure of avian assemblages in North America. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14, 367-378.

Law, W. and Salick, J. 2005: Human-induced dwarfing of Himalayan snow lotus, Sassurea laniceps(Asteraceae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102, 10218-10220.

Lawton, J. H. 1993: Range, population abundance and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8, 409-413.

Lawton, J. H. and May, R. M. , editors 1995: Extinction rates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lennon, J. J. , Greenwood, J. J. D. and Turner, J. R. G. 2000: Bird diversity and environmental gradients in Britain: a test of the species-energy hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 69, 581-598.

Low, T. 2003: The new nature. London: Penguin.

Ma, M. , Sanna, T. and Helenius, J. 2002: Revisiting the species-area relationship in a semi-natural habitat: floral richness in agricultural buffer zones in Finland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 89, 137-148.

MacPhee, R. D. E. , editor 1999: Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

McKee, J. K. , Sciulli, P. W. , Fooce, C. D. and Waite, T. A. 2003: Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth. Biological Conservation 115, 161-164.

McKinney, M. L. 2001: Role of human population size in raising bird and mammal threat among nations. Animal Conservation 4, 45-57.

Miller, G. H. , Magee, J. W. , Johnson, B. J. , Fogel, M. L. , Spooner, N. A. , McCulloch, M. T. and Ayliffe, L. K. 1999: Pleistocene extinction of Genyornis newtoni: human impact on Australian megafauna. Science 283, 205-208.

Moody, A. 2000: Analysis of plant species diversity with respect to island characteristics on the Channel Islands, California. Journal of Biogeography 27, 711-723.

Murray, B. R. and Dickman, C. R. 2000: Relationships between body size and geographical range size among Australian mammals: has human impact distorted macroecological patterns? Ecography 23, 92-100.

Murray, B. R. and Hose, G. C. 2005: The interspecific range size-body size relationship in Australian frogs. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14, 339-345.

Myers, N. and Knoll, A. H. 2001: The biotic crisis and the future of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98, 5389-5392.

Myers, R. A. and Worm, B. 2003: Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423, 280-283.

O’Dowd, D. J. , Green, P. T. and Lake, P. S. 2003: Invasional ‘meltdown’ on an oceanic island. Ecology Letters 6, 812-817.

Olifiers, N. , Vieira, M. V. and Grelle, C. E. V. 2004: Geographic range and body size in Neotropical marsupials. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13, 439-444.

Parks, S. A. and Harcourt, A. H. 2002: Reserve size, local human density, and mammalian extinctions in U.S. protected areas. Conservation Biology 16, 800-808.

Pautasso, M. and Gaston, K. J. 2005: Resources and global avian assemblage structure in forests. Ecology Letters 8, 282-289.

Pimm, S. L. 2001: The world according to Pimm: a scientist audits the Earth. New York: McGrawHill.

Pys'ek, P. 1998: Alien and native species in Central European urban floras: a quantitative comparison. Journal of Biogeography 25, 155-163.

Redman, C. L. 1999: Human impact on ancient environments. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.

Reed, R. N. 2003: Interspecific patterns of species richness, geographic range size, and body size among New World venomous snakes. Ecography 26, 107-117.

Roberts, R. G. , Flannery, T. F. , Ayliffe, L. K. , Yoshida, H. , Olley, J. M. , Prideaux, G. J. , Laslett, G. M. , Baynes, A. , Smith, M. A. , Jones, R. and Smith, B. L. 2001: New ages for the last Australian megafauna: continent-wide extinction about 46,000 years ago. Science 292, 1888-1982.

Rodríguez, M. A. , Belmontes, J. A. and Hawkins, B. A. 2005: Energy, water and large-scale patterns of reptile and amphibian species richness in Europe. Acta Oecologica 28, 65-70.

Rojstaczer, S. , Sterling, S. M. and Moore, N. J. 2001: Human appropriation of photosynthesis products. Science 294, 2549-2552.

Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995: Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rosenzweig, M. L. 2001: Loss of speciation rate will impoverish future diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98, 5404-5410.

Sax, D. F. , Gaines, S. D. and Brown, J. H. 2002: Species invasions exceed extinctions on islands worldwide: A comparative study of plants and birds. American Naturalist 160, 766-783.

Seabloom, E. W. , Dobson, A. P. and Stoms, D. M. 2002: Extinction rates under non-random patterns of habitat loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99, 11229-11234.

Smith, F. D. M. , May, R. M. , Pellew, R. , Johnson, T. H. and Walter, K. S. 1993: Estimating extinction rates. Nature 364, 494-496.

Steadman, D. W. , Martin, P. S. , MacPhee, R. D. E. , Jull, A. J. T. , McDonald, H. G. , Woods, C. A. , Iturralde-Vinent, M. and Hodgins, G. W. L. 2005: Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102, 11763-11768.

Taylor, C. M. and Gotelli, N. J. 1994: The macroecology of Cyprinella: correlates of phylogeny, body size, and geographical range. American Naturalist 144, 549-569.

Terborgh, J. , Lopez, L. , Nuñez, V., P. , Rao, M. , Shahabuddin, G. , Orihuela, G. , Riveros, M. , Ascanio, R. , Adler, G. H. , Lambert, T. D. and Balbas, L. 2001: Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 294, 1923-1926.

Thomas, C. D. , Cameron, A. , Green, R. E. , Bakkenes, M. , Beaumont, L. J. , Collingham, Y. C. , Erasmus, B. F. N. , de Siqueira, M. F. , Grainger, A. , Hannah, L. , Hughes, L. , Huntley, B. , van Jaarsveld, A. S. , Midgley, G. F. , Miles, L. , Ortega-Huerta, M. A. , Peterson, A. T. , Phillips, O. L. and Williams, S. E. 2004: Extinction risk from climate change Nature 427, 145-148.

Tjorve, E. 2003: Shapes and functions of species-area curves: a review of possible models. Journal of Biogeography 30, 827-835.

van Rensburg, B. J. , Erasmus, B. F. N. , van Jaarsveld, A. S. , Gaston, K. J. and Chown, S. L. 2004: Conservation during times of change: correlations between birds, climate and people in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 100, 266-272.

Vázquez, L.-B. and Gaston, K. J. 2006: People and mammals in Mexico: conservation conflicts at a national scale. Biodiversity and Conservation, in press.

Vitousek, P. M. , Ehrlich, P. R. , Ehrlich, A. H. and Matson, P. A. 1986: Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience 36, 368-373.

Waide, R. B. , Willig, M. R. , Steiner, C. F. , Mittelbach, G. C. , Gough, L. , Dodson, S. I. , Juday, G. P. and Parmenter, R. 1999: The relationship between net primary productivity and species richness. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30, 257-300.

Webb, T. J. and Gaston, K. J. 2000: Geographic range size and evolutionary age in birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 267, 1843-1850.

Whitmore, T. C. and Sayer, J.A , editors 1992: Tropical deforestation and species extinction. London: Chapman and Hall.

Williams, J. W. , Seabloom, E. W. , Slayback, D. , Stoms, D. M. and Viers, J. H. 2005: Anthropogenic impacts upon plant species richness and net primary productivity in California. Ecology Letters 8, 127-137.

Williamson, M. 1988: Relationship of species number to area, distance and other variables. In Myers, A. A. and Giller, P. S. , editors, Analytical biogeography, London: Chapman and Hall, 91-115.

Wright, D. H. , Currie, D. J. and Maurer, B. A. 1993: Energy supply and patterns of species richness on local and regional scales. In Ricklefs, R. E. and Schluter, D. , editors, Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 66-74.