The European Union–not united in opioid use

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

World Health Organization . Cancer pain relief, 2nd edition. Geneva: WHO , 1996.

Hanks GW , De Conno F , Cherny N , Hanna M , Kalso E , McQuay HJ et al. Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations . Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 587-593 .

Caraceni A , Cherny N , Fainsinger R , Kaasa S , Poulain P , Radbruch L . Pain measurement tools and methods in clinical research in palliative care: Recommendations of an expert working group of The European Association of Palliative Care . J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23: 239-255 .

Zech DFJ , Grond S , Lynch J , Hertel D , Lehmann KA . Validation of World Health Organization Guidelines for cancer pain relief: a 10-year prospective study . Pain 1995; 63: 65-76 .

Holtan A , Kongsgaard U , Ohnstad HO . Smerter hos kreftpasienter innlagt i sykehus. J Norw Med Assoc 2005, in press.

De Conno F , Ripamonti C , Brunelli C . Opioid Purchases and expenditure in nine western European countries: ‘Are we killing off morphine?’ Palliative Medicine 2005; 19: 179-184 .